Inadequate Access to Potable Water Impacts Early Childhood Development in Low-Income Areas in Cape Town, South Africa

Authors

Caradee Y. Wright, South African Medical Research Council
Thandi Kapwata, South African Medical Research Council
Caylee Cook, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences
Steven J. Howard, University of Wollongong
Hleliwe Makaula, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences
Rebecca Merkley, Carleton University
Mbulelo Mshudulu, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences
Nosibusiso Tshetu, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences
Natasha Naidoo, South African Medical Research Council
Gaia Scerif, University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division
Catherine E. Draper, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences

Publication Name

Annals of Global Health

Abstract

Background: Water and sanitation are vital to human health and well-being. While these factors have been studied in relation to health, very little has been done to consider such environmental risk factors with child development. Here, we investigated possible relations between household water access/storage and early childhood development in four low-income settlements in the City of Cape Town, Western Cape province of South Africa. Our objectives were 1) to determine water access/storage practices in dwellings of children; 2) to assess early childhood development; and 3) and to understand the relationship between water access/storage practices in relation to early childhood development. Methods: We used a questionnaire to assess household water risk factors and the International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA) tool to assess child early learning / cognitive, socio-emotional and motor development. Results: Mean age of the children (N = 192) was 4 years and 55% were female. The mean IDELA score was 48% (range: 36–54%) where the higher the score, the better the child’s development. Around 70% of households had a tap inside their dwelling and half said that they stored water with the largest percentage of storage containers (21%) being plastic/no lid. Child IDELA scores were lower for children living in households that did not have an indoor tap and for households who stored water. Conclusions: Given the risks associated with climate change and the already poor conditions many children face regarding water and sanitation, research is needed to further investigate these relations to provide evidence to support appropriate interventions and ensure healthy child development.

Open Access Status

This publication may be available as open access

Volume

89

Issue

1

Article Number

82

Funding Number

ECE190051

Funding Sponsor

South African Medical Research Council