Full term, peri-urban South African infants under six months of age are at risk for early-onset anemia.

Authors

Lindi Sibeko, McGill University
MA Dhansay, Medical Research Council
Karen E. Charlton, University of WollongongFollow
Timothy Johns, McGill University
M Van Stuijvenberg, Medical Research Council, South Africa
Katherine Gray-Donald, McGill University

RIS ID

27686

Publication Details

Sibeko, L., Dhansay, M., Charlton, K. E., Johns, T., Van Stuijvenberg, M. & Gray-Donald, K. (2004). Full term, peri-urban South African infants under six months of age are at risk for early-onset anemia.. Public Health Nutrition, 7 (6), 813-820.

Abstract

Objective: There is a paucity of data on the micronutrient status of low-income, lactating South African women and their infants under 6 months of age. The aim of this study was to elucidate the level of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in peri-urban breast-feeding women and their young infants.

Design: Cross-sectional study including anthropometric, biochemical and infant feeding data.

Setting: Peri-urban settlement in Cape Town, South Africa.

Subjects: Breast-feeding women (n = 113) and their infants (aged 1–6 months) attending a peri-urban clinic.

Results: Mean (standard deviation (SD)) haemoglobin (Hb) of the lactating mothers was 12.4 (1.3) gdl⁻¹, with 32% found to be anaemic (Hb < 12 g dl⁻¹). Maternal serum retinol was 49.8 (SD 13.3) μg dl⁻¹, with 4.5% VAD. Using breast milk, mean (SD) retinol concentration was found to be 70.6 (24.6) μg dl⁻¹ and 15.7 (8.3) μg/g milk fat, with 13% below the cut-off level of <8μg/g fat. There was no correlation found between breast milk retinol and infant serum retinol. Z-scores (SD) of height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height were –0.69 (0.81), 0.89 (1.01) and 1.78 (0.83), respectively. Mean (SD) infant Hb was 10.9 (1.1) g dl⁻¹, with the prevalence of anaemia being 50%, 33% and 12% using Hb cut-offs below 11 g dl⁻¹, 10.5 g dl⁻¹ and 9.5 g dl⁻¹, respectively. Mean (SD) infant serum retinol was 26.9 (7.2) μg dl⁻¹, with 10% being VAD. None of the infants was exclusively breast-fed, 22% were predominantly breast-fed and 787percnt; received complementary (mixed) breast-feeding. Thirty-two per cent of infants received weaning foods at an exceptionally young age (≤1 month old).

Conclusion: A high rate of anaemia is present in lactating women residing in resource-poor settings. Moreover, their seemingly healthy infants under 6 months of age are at an elevated risk of developing early-onset anaemia and at lower risk of VAD.