Selected polymer electrodes for preconcentration sensing

Electroanalysis has progressed rapidly during the last half century due to the development of more detailed electrochemical theory and modem electronic instrumentation [1-4]. Furthermore, electrochemical techniques have contributed to research advances in the fields of organic, inorganic, and more recently, bio-chemistry because the control of oxidation and reduction processes by electrolysis is much more precise than is possible with conventional chemical reactants [5-12]. There are many advantages associated with the use of modern electrochemical instrumentation and techniques, especially in the area of electroanalysis: instrumentation can be made portable [13-15] power consumption is relatively low no expensive instrumental accessories are needed suitable for automatic on-line monitoring [13,14] no additional instrumentation is required for multi-elemental analysis suitable for in-situ measurements [14] analyses may be performed in either organic or inorganic solvents detection limits can be in the low ppb or ppt range.