Investigations on lead-calcium-tin-aluminium grid alloys for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries

The aim of this study is to investigate the grid alloys, particulariy used for Valveregulated Lead/Acid Batteries (VRLABs). A general introduction of lead/acid battery is given first, and then the literature review, which describes the history and the up to date development status of lead/acid batteries. The selection and design of systematic variations of Pb-Ca-Sn alloys have been provided based on the literature review and the preliminary studies.