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Replicative DNA polymerases

journal contribution
posted on 2024-11-16, 02:15 authored by Erik Johansson, Nicholas DixonNicholas Dixon
In 1959, Arthur Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the principles by which DNA is duplicated by DNA polymerases. Since then, it has been confirmed in all branches of life that replicative DNA polymerases require a single-stranded template to build a complementary strand, but they cannot start a new DNA strand de novo. Thus, they also depend on a primase, which generally assembles a short RNA primer to provide a 3′-OH that can be extended by the replicative DNA polymerase. The general principles that (1) a helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA, (2) single-stranded DNA-binding proteins stabilize the single-stranded DNA, (3) a primase builds a short RNA primer, and (4) a clamp loader loads a clamp to (5) facilitate the loading and processivity of the replicative polymerase, are well conserved among all species. Replication of the genome is remarkably robust and is performed with high fidelity even in extreme environments. Work over the last decade or so has confirmed (6) that a common two-metal ion-promoted mechanism exists for the nucleotidyltransferase reaction that builds DNA strands, and (7) that the replicative DNA polymerases always act as a key component of larger multiprotein assemblies, termed replisomes. Furthermore (8), the integrity of replisomes is maintained by multiple protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions, many of which are inherently weak. This enables large conformational changes to occur without dissociation of replisome components, and also means that in general replisomes cannot be isolated intact.

Funding

Targeting lagging strand DNA replication in model and pathogenic bacteria

National Health and Medical Research Council

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Targeting nucleic acid synthesis and cell division in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens

National Health and Medical Research Council

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History

Citation

Johansson, E. & Dixon, N. (2013). Replicative DNA polymerases. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 5 (6), a012799-1-a012799-14.

Journal title

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Volume

5

Issue

6

Language

English

RIS ID

81113

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