Quick insight into the dynamic dimensions of 4D printing in polymeric composite mechanics

4D printing is recognised for its numerous potential applications due to its reaction towards stimulus factors. However, limited research has focused on what, why, and how this stimulus-response works. This study reveals the mechanism used to stimulate 4D printing reactions. Complex printing via design structure and mechanical control on fibre orientations are promising techniques compared with chemical modifications, which are difficult to control, particularly for commercialisation.