Low-Overpotential Rechargeable Na-CO2 Batteries Enabled by an Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich Cobalt Oxide Catalyst

Rechargeable sodium-carbon dioxide (Na-CO2) batteries have been proposed as a promising CO2 utilization technique, which could realize CO2 reduction and generate electricity at the same time. They suffer, however, from several daunting problems, including sluggish CO2 reduction and evolution kinetics, large polarization, and poor cycling stability. In this study, a rambutan-like Co3O4 hollow sphere catalyst with abundant oxygen vacancies was synthesized and employed as an air cathode for Na-CO2 batteries. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the abundant oxygen vacancies on Co3O4 possess superior CO2 binding capability, accelerating CO2 electroreduction, and thereby improving the discharge capacity. In addition, the oxygen vacancies also contribute to decrease the CO2 decomposition free energy barrier, which is beneficial for reducing the overpotential further and improving round-trip efficiency. Benefiting from the excellent catalytic ability of rambutan-like Co3O4 hollow spheres with abundant oxygen vacancies, the fabricated Na-CO2 batteries exhibit extraordinary electrochemical performance with a large discharge capacity of 8371.3 mA h g-1, a small overpotential of 1.53 V at a current density of 50 mA g-1, and good cycling stability over 85 cycles. These results provide new insights into the rational design of air cathode catalysts to accelerate practical applications of rechargeable Na-CO2 batteries and potentially Na-air batteries.