Flow resistance over submerged vegetation in ecological channel

A discussion of flow resistance in ecological channel is a fundamental problem required by hydraulic engineers, but the well-established flow resistance mechanism is still not well discovered. This research studies on flow over submerged vegetation in ecological channel to explain mechanism of flow resistance on rough surfaces. With a detailed discussion, this research separates total resistance and unlike previous research, this study pays attention to the variation in vortices created by roughness, and new definitions of hydraulic radius and Reynolds Number are given. This study validated the proposed method can be used to simplify the friction factor calculations for hydraulic engineers.