Effects of feed solution characteristics and membrane fouling on N-nitrosamine rejection by reverse osmosis membranes

Augmentation of potable water sources with reclaimed municipal wastewater is an option of increasing importance for water security in regions and countries where severe water stress occurs. Consequently, the presence of emerging trace contaminants in reclaimed water has been recognised as a critical issue due to their potential adverse health effects. Notable examples of these trace organic chemicals include N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and several other N-nitrosamines.