Defect activation of atomically thin electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

Atomically thin materials with unique physicochemical properties have emerged as promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Despite the advantages of atomic thickness, large specific surface area, and highly active surface, their catalytic performance still does not meet the requirements for commercial application. As a solution, defect activation is normally utilized to modulate the electronic structure and promote catalytic activity. Herein, we systematically review different defect activation strategies, analyze their effects on electrocatalytic performance, and expound on the relationship between the electronic structure and electrochemical properties. In addition, viable techniques that enable the observation, detection, and analysis of defects at the atomic level are introduced. Finally, the challenge and perspective of defect activation strategies for atomically thin electrocatalysts are discussed.