Comprehensive analysis and mitigation strategies for safety issues of sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries show great potential as an alternative energy storage system, but safety concerns remain a major hurdle to their mass adoption. This paper analyzes the key factors and mechanisms leading to safety issues, including thermal runaway, sodium dendrite, internal short circuits, and gas release. Several promising solutions are proposed, such as high-safety electrode materials in the cathode and anode, high-safety electrolytes, and external battery management systems. Here in also we emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate analysis methods and developing reliable failure models while suggesting advanced machine learning tools for analysis. With a comprehensive approach, this study offers valuable recommendations to optimize materials and solutions for improving the safety of sodium-ion batteries. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].