Airline energy efficiency measures based on an epsilon-based Range-Adjusted Measure model

This study proposes an Epsilon-Based Range-Adjusted Measure which enhances accuracy of the conventional RAM model that is widely used in the literature of airline energy efficiency. The model is then utilized to investigate the efficiency of major airlines from different regions of the world. Results reveal that Scandinavian Airlines was the most efficient airline and could be served as the benchmark for all these airlines. On the other hand, divisional efficiencies reveal that this airline can still improve its service efficiency so that overall efficiency is enhanced even further.