AFM In Liquid: A High Sensitivity Study On Biological Membranes

Frequency Modulation AFM (FM-AFM) is commonly operated in ultra-high vacuum, though its inception in liquids for biological samples is relatively new. Here, we highlight the ability of FM-AFM to perform molecular resolution imaging of biomembrane surfaces and to detect individual layers of structured water at similar membrane interfaces. These studies highlight the potential of FM-AFM for studying model membranes and lipid raft systems on the molecular scale.