Research Online

Experimental study on chain-die forming for ultrahigh strength steel (UHSS)

Yuankun Zhang — Wed, 22 May 2013 22:55:19 PDT

With the increasing applications of UHSS for the automotive industry, it becomes more and more important to develop a new forming technology as an alternative or even a replacement to roll forming to overcome the difficulties and problems of manufacturing the UHSS. With the increase of material's strength and decrease of its thickness, the springback of the material becomes more difficult to predict, which directly affects the application of roll forming in UHSS. Chain-die Forming, as an alternative to roll forming proposed and developed recently in Australia, is expected to be a solution to the problems addressed. It has been proved that Chain-die Forming has the advantages of low redundant strain components during forming and nearly zero residual stresses in products. In this paper, a special case of forming a UHSS U-channel with pre-made holes is studied in order to explore the limitations of Chain-die Forming and exhibit the advantages of the new method over roll forming. FEA is employed to simulate the forming process, and the results are compared with the experimental results.

Chain-die Forming, is it a right forming method to make structural parts of motor vehicles with UHSS material

Shichao Ding — Wed, 22 May 2013 22:50:16 PDT

Reducing the body weight of a motor vehicle is one of the most important research approaches in car manufacturing and steel making industries in order to reduce the pollution caused by motor vehicles. In this approach, ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) is developed by steel makers and has been applied more and more to motor vehicles. The UHSS materials have the required strength, but more or less the material's ductility is sacrificed to achieve this target. High strength materials are difficult to form using conventional forming methods. Forming high strength materials to parts effectively and economically is a high priority. Chain-die Forming is a newly developed sheet forming method which solves the problem of high redundant strain components during roll forming. Apart from producing uniform profile long and straight products, Chain-die Forming can also be employed to make simpler non-uniform products conventionally by stamping via design and machine the die-blocks to be a pair of stamping dies and then sliced to die-blocks jointed on the chain-links. When the dies are moving forward synchronously following the profiles of track boards, the stamping die-blocks are gradually enclosed to "stamp" the strip. This process then becomes continuous stamping. Such type of forming step can be lined in tandem, and then this process breaks down a typical stamping to a few small forming steps superposing bending and tension/compression instead of complex strain history during stamping. This paper introduces some preliminary studies of Chain-die Forming to UHSS materials and discusses some possible applications to make the structural parts of motor vehicles by Chain-die Forming in the future.

Management skills for professionals - are they required? A case study on the needs of engineering

Peter W. Childs — Wed, 22 May 2013 22:36:50 PDT

For more than thirty years the world’s economies have become increasingly oriented towards a more diverse set of objectives, including a focus on sustainability, stakeholder management and the effective motivation of staff for competitive advantage.

The need for engineers to be educated in business and management skills has been addressed to some extent, by the development of the Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Engineering Management (MEM) and similar courses. These have been offered as supplementary qualifications to engineers holding undergraduate degrees. However, the need to develop undergraduate engineering courses that integrate such aspects as business strategy, entrepreneurship, leadership, team work and economic/financial applications, has not kept pace with current industry requirements.

A study of the relevant literature over the past three decades has highlighted two major gaps. Firstly, little is known about the management skills required of newly graduated engineers who may be considered for early promotion to a line or staff management role and secondly, there is no general agreement on what management skills are required.

This research has confirmed by surveying a wide cross-section of employers of engineers that there is a definite need for graduate engineers to possess specific management skills. Those most in demand are Communication and Human Resource Management. Other attributes highlighted in the survey responses were Entrepreneurship, Ethics, Sustainability and Leadership. Also, this survey uncovered that the management skills being taught at present by the various institutions are not adequately equipping engineers to undertake their duties in many engineering enterprises. They may possess some of the defined skills through work experience and further studies.

Whilst the relative importance of each skill surveyed may differ, the list of skills considered (plus Finance) forms an excellent platform from which to review current engineering curricula. Management skills are classified for the purpose of this research as Decision Making, Human Skills, Communication, Interpersonal, Conceptual, Diagnostic, Flexible, Administration, Entrepreneurship, Leadership and Sustainability. The respondents indicated strongly that the need for management skills of graduate engineers are required now and will only increase even more so in the future.

Responses to the survey indicated attempts to provide the required management skills by compulsory “Engineering Management” subjects have been ineffective. There is evidence students gain little from this approach because they are not integrated into technical engineering subjects. Without direct professional engineering experience they fail to see its relevance.

The majority of responses to the questionnaire were from the Manufacturing and Consulting sectors. After statistical analysis of these sectors it was confirmed employers’ perceptions of the desired management skills were similar through all sized organisations.

In order to complete the views of all stakeholders Engineers Australia, Deans of Engineering and the Australian Council of Engineering Deans were also consulted.

Recommendations are provided on how management skills should be integrated into an undergraduate engineering course and by whom those skills should be taught. Opportunities for further research are identified.

The survey also shows that teaching these additional management subjects has so far been ineffective. There is evidence to suggest students gained little from the current approach as they find it difficult to identify with the relevance and context of management.

The technical efficiency of Thai manufacturing small and medium sized enterprises: a comparison between the pre- and post- financial crisis of 1997

Teerawat Charoenrat — Wed, 22 May 2013 21:46:56 PDT

Thailand’s manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are recognised as making a significant contribution to the nation’s business numbers, national employment, exports and output. Despite their obvious importance to the economy, Thai manufacturing SMEs face a number of important disadvantages that act as a barrier to their further development and competitiveness. They also confront intense competition in domestic and foreign markets. It is important to have a clear understanding of their readiness to face the rigours of international competition, including the barriers and specific problems that they face. This thesis is the first empirical study to apply a stochastic frontier production function and technical inefficiency effects model (using the SFA approach) and two-stage DEA approach (utilising a two-limit Tobit model) to estimate and compare the technical efficiency performance of Thai manufacturing SMEs in the pre-(before 19971) and post-(after 20072) Asian financial crisis periods, utilising the most substantive and the most recently available cross-sectional firm-level data from the 1997 and 2007 industrial censuses.

The thesis is the first study to identify important firm-specific factors and explanatory variables contributing to the technical inefficiency (or efficiency) of Thai manufacturing SMEs in the periods 1997 and 2007, covering six categories: by aggregate manufacturing SMEs; by small-sized firms; by medium-sized firms; by domestic market intensity; by export intensity; and by sub-manufacturing sectors classified by the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 4. This thesis also identifies key policy priorities for Thai policy makers concerned with enhancing the technical efficiency performance of Thailand’s manufacturing SMEs.

The empirical results from the SFA and DEA approaches produced similar results, in that the overall weighted technical efficiency scores in all categories of Thai manufacturing SMEs decreased in the post-crisis (2007) period as compared to the pre-crisis (1997) period. According to the overall weighted technical efficiency scores predicted by SFA and DEA, Thai manufacturing SMEs in both 1997 and 2007 operated at a low level of technical efficiency, specifying a high degree of technical inefficiency in their operation. The empirical results from the SFA approach reveal that SME production is heavily labour intensive in both periods with no apparent improvement in firm productivity and innovation. The empirical results from the technical inefficiency effects and a Tobit model indicate that firm size (economies of scale and scope), age (learning by doing), proportion of workforce which is skilled, location in towns and cities and particularly location in Bangkok, type of ownership, whether limited and public limited companies or juristic partnerships, foreign ownership or investment and export activity, are the important firm-specific factors contributing to the technical efficiency of Thai manufacturing SMEs in both 1997 and 2007.

Finally, this thesis concludes that government policy in the post-crisis period have been largely ineffective and should place more attention on creating an enabling environment to foster SME growth, enhance technology and innovation capability, and encourage the development of an environment, infrastructure and facilities conducive to enhancing the business operation of SMEs to enhance their technical efficiency. In addition, key measures to improve the technical efficiency of Thai manufacturing SMEs are: an adequate supply of inputs, easier access to financial services and credit facilities to facilitate firm growth, extensive infrastructural development and training programs for employees, expanded access to skilled labour and improvement in the skills of both the workforce and entrepreneurs, addressing locational and regional capacity inequities, enhancing the effectiveness of SME development programs, encouraging foreign investment for operational synergies and greater export activity to penetrate the world market.

Coupled modelling of fluid flow, heat transfer and interfacial evolution behaviors in bimetal casting process

Xingjian Gao — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:25:11 PDT

Application of voronoi tessellations in modeling grained heterogeneity during microforming

Haina Lu — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:25:11 PDT

Estimation of regression parameters from noise multiplied data

Yan-Xia Lin — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:20:14 PDT

This paper considers the scenario that all data entries in a confidentialised unit record file were masked by multiplicative noises, regardless of whether unit records are sensitive or not and regardless of whether the masked variables are dependent or independent variables in the underlying regression analysis. A technique is introduced in this paper to show how to estimate parameters in a regression model, which is originally fitted by unmasked data, based on masked data. Several simulation studies and a real-life data application are presented.

Probabilistic index models for the analysis of microarray and qPCR gene expression data

Olivier Thas — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:20:14 PDT

Integrated statistical analysis of three data sources for the detection of chemical fingerprint features that are simultaneously associated with bio-assay and transcriptomics data

Alain Visscher — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:15:13 PDT

In modern drug discovery pipelines, a multitude of data is collected, including three important data sources: (1) chemical properties of the compounds being investigated, (2) bio-assay data for targets of interest, and more recently (3) microarray gene expression data. The major objective is the identification of compound fingerprint features that are associated with bioassay outcomes and/or gene expression. A particular challenge is the integrated statistical analysis of these multiple data sources. Such integrated analysis can reveal patterns or features of interest that may not be detected when analyzing the data sources two-by-two. However, no established methods exist for this type of data integration. We investigated the applicability of both an existing and a novel statistical methodology for this purpose. With sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis (Witten & Tibshirani, 2009) we could identify sets of compound features and genes that are clustered together. When in addition we used the bio-assay data as a supervising variable, this allowed the identification within a single statistical framework of patterns of interest that were previously only detected in the combined interpretation of a series of statistical analyses of the data sets two-by-two. We have developed a new method that allows "boosting" p-values of the association between chemistry and bioassay data, by incorporating the gene expression data obtained on the same compounds. This increases the power for detecting compound fingerprint features that are associated with the bio-assay outcome for which the pathway goes through the transcriptomics.

A novel integrated model to measure supplier performance considering qualitative and quantitative criteria used in the supplier selection process

Alptekin Ulutas — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:15:13 PDT

Supplier evaluation has become a significant topic over the past few decades, as companies have become more outsourced oriented. However, previous research on this topic has not paid adequate attention to the limitations associated with the availability of accurate and reliable data relating to the performance of potential suppliers. In an attempt to address this issue, this paper proposes a novel supplier evaluation model that can handle imprecise quantitative and qualitative data. Additionally, Decision Maker's judgement regarding both qualitative and quantitative criteria are incorporated into this model so that a more comprehensive and realistic assessment of supplier performance can be achieved. The model combines five separate methods that have specific capabilities to handle multiple limitations in the existing methods: first, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method are used to analyse qualitative criteria/data; second, Analytical Hierarchy Process and Axiomatic Design are used to analyse quantitative criteria/data, with a particular focus on handling variability in performance data; and third, Data Envelopment Analysis is used to integrate the results of the two approaches above to arrive at a comparative assessment of supplier performance. The proposed integrated model is verified using a numerical example.

Bonding of Mg-base metallic glass through rapid resistive welding

Karl F. Shamlaye — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:10:15 PDT

Efficient joining of Magnesium-base bulk metallic glass can be achieved via bonding through resistance welding using rapid heating rates. Bonding of Mg-base metallic glasses (as well as regular magnesium alloys) is a process hindered by the ease of oxide formation in these materials. In this work, resistance welding of Mg65Cu25Y10 metallic glass sheets was investigated up to 627 K , below the liquidus temperature; and also within the supercooled liquid region (443-483 K) of the metallic glass; during processing times of a few seconds, creating strong joins -even when processed in air. It is seen that a fluxing pre-treatment of the material surface aids in achieving effective bonding. Our work has also shown that Mg-base metallic glasses can be effectively and easily joined to other types of materials.

The effect of heating rate on reverse transformations in steels and Fe-Ni-based alloys

Yu Ya Meshkov — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:10:15 PDT

An overview of the mechanisms, kinetics and crystallography of austenite formation in rapidly heated steels and Fe-Ni-based alloys is given. A particular focus is on the morphology of austenite microstructure and the conditions under which the phenomenon of structural inheritance takes place. The possible reasons for it are listed and discussed. The effects of rapid heat treatments on the mechanical properties of steels are briefly addressed and some examples of industrial applications are provided.

Coastal reservoir in Murray-Darling River and its useful experience for Yellow River

Shu-qing Yang — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:10:15 PDT

this paper deals with the similarities between the Yellow River Basin and Murray - Darling River Basin. It is found that two of them are facing similar problems, such as water shortage, poor quality for water supply and decreasing runoff etc. Two basins suffer the sharp temporal and spatial variation in water resources, which results in flood threat and water stress alternatively. Consequently these two rivers have attracted global attention due to their significant impacts on their local economical development and ecological system. To alleviate the water stress conditions, this paper investigates the feasibility of coastal reservoirs at the river mouths to develop its runoff lost to the sea. The preliminary study shows that after the coastal reservoirs are built, the water supply in these two basins can be significantly increased and the water quality can be improved and the river runoff could be also increased. This is because (1) coastal reservoirs can retain the flood water in the sea without pollution from the seawater; (2) the contaminant concentration of floodwater is less than the river water in dry seasons; (3) the river flow can be increased if the water users drink from the coastal reservoirs.

Maps of learning design for teachers in developing countries to document and share mathematical teaching and learning experiences

Maman Fathurrohman — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:00:19 PDT

A web-based learning support to improve students' learning of statistics

Norhayati Baharun — Wed, 22 May 2013 19:00:19 PDT

This study investigating the impact of a web-based learning supports particularly a Headstart program on student outcomes in statistics at the University of Wollongong. Unlike in 2010, a Headstart program was introduced to the undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory statistics subject in 2011. This program allowed students to access the first module of work which includes a set of five lecture notes, video clips, and the first assessment via the subject e-learning site approximately four weeks prior to the start of the formal session. For the assessment, the students were required to complete a draft and redraft the first assignment in the e-learning site. At the end of the session (March/Autumn) in 2011, a survey was also undertaken with the students. In 2011, a one-way ANOVA and Scheffe post-hoc tests revealed a statistically significant difference (F2;192 = 5:301; p = 0:006) in the mean of the final marks between the students who engaged with the program compared to those who did not. To ascertain the impact of the program, two cohorts of students were examined: the students from 2010 who had not access to the Headstart program, and the students from 2011 who had access to the program including the draft and redraft of assignment. The mean of the final marks in 2011 were significantly higher than in 2010 (p = 0:004). Overall, an analysis of student outcomes showed that the students with access to the program including the draft and redraft of assignment performed better in their assessment tasks compared to the students without access. The paper concludes with a discussion on issues in developing the Headstart program with the introductory statistics subject and followed by recommendations for further implementation.

headstart mathematics for science students

Mark I. Nelson — Wed, 22 May 2013 18:55:13 PDT

Small area estimation in practice an applocation to agricultural business survey data

Nikos Tzavidis — Wed, 22 May 2013 18:55:13 PDT

This paper describes an application of small area estimation (SAbl to agricultural business survey data. Both well known small area estimators, such as the empirical best linear unbiased predictor (EBLUP), and more recently proposed small area estimators, for example, tile M-quanlile, the robust EBLUP aml!he Model Ansed Direct estimators arc considered. Mean squared error estimation is discussed. Using a real agricultural business survey dataset, we place emphasis on model diagnostics for specifying the small area working model, on diagnostic measures for validating the reliability of direct and indirect (modelbased) small area e.~timators i1nd on providing practical guidelines to the prospective user of small area estimation techniques.

Nanoscale characterization of ion tracks: MC simulations versus analytical approach

M U. Bug — Wed, 22 May 2013 18:50:14 PDT

The goal of this work was to investigate the agreement of physical parameters related to the particle track structure on the nanometer scale, obtained by means of a detailed track structure simulation (PTra) as well as by a rapid analytical approach. Parameters describing the tracks of secondary electrons produced by 0.3 MeV/u C6+-ions were of particular interest as those particles are densely ionizing. For this purpose, the target volume in form of a nanometric water cylinder was positioned at different radial distances from the ion trajectory and track structure parameters were determined as function of the radial distance. While the fluence of electrons through the target surface and the mean ionization cluster size obtained by both approaches were in good agreement, the probabilities of specific cluster sizes (one, two and three) turned out to be rather different in the two approaches.

Shifting freight to rail could make the Pacific Highway safer

Philip G. Laird — Wed, 22 May 2013 18:50:14 PDT

Articulated trucks such as semi-trailers and "B-Doubles" are involved in about 30% of fatal road accidents on the Pacific Highway. As the number of trucks carrying freight between Sydney and Brisbane increases, we will see more tragic incidents like the fatal crash involving a B-Double on 8 January 2012 near Urunga.

Library Annual Report 1987

University of Wollongong — Tue, 21 May 2013 21:15:47 PDT

Stabilisation of an erodible soil using a chemical admixture

J Vinod — Tue, 21 May 2013 18:40:18 PDT

Internal erosional behaviour of a lignosulfonate-treated dispersive soil has been studied using apparatus designed and built at University of Wollongong. The effectiveness of lignosulfonate-treated dispersive clay on its erosion resistance has been investigated and its advantages over traditional admixtures (cement) have been presented. Lignosulfonate is a non-toxic admixture that can stabilise certain erodible and dispersive soils effectively, without causing any adverse environmental impact on the ground unlike some traditional stabilisers. Test results show that the erosional parameters such as critical shear stress and coefficient of soil erosion are improved with the increase in the amount of lignosulfonate. Knowledge about the clay particles and lignosulfonate interaction mechanisms is pertinent for long-term environmental sustainability of treated soils, a factor which is poorly understood at microscopic level. Considering this, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were carried out on representative samples to understand the stabilisation mechanism at the particle scale level. The improvement of performance exhibited by the lignosulfonate-treated soil can be mainly attributed to the reduction of the doublelayer thickness by the neutralisation of surface charges of the clay particles and the formation of more stable particle clusters by polymer bridging.

Endogenous proBDNF is a negative regulator of migration of cerebellar granule cells in neonatal mice

Zhi-Qiang Xu — Tue, 21 May 2013 16:50:15 PDT

The majority of newborn neurons migrate from their birthplace to final destination in the developing brain. Migration of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) requires multiple factors. Mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) positively regulates the proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation of CGCs in rodents. However, the role of the BDNF precursor, proBDNF, in neuronal development remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of proBDNF in vivo and in vitro on migration of CGCs. We demonstrate that proBDNF and its receptors p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and sortilin are highly expressed in the cerebella as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. ProBDNF is released from cultured cerebellar neurons, and this release is increased by high potassium stimulation. ProBDNF inhibits migration of CGCs in vitro, and the neutralizing antibodies to proBDNF enhance such migration as assayed by transwell culture. In addition, proBDNF incorporated into an agarose plug reduces granule cell migration from such plugs, whereas the neutralizing antibodies attract these cells towards the plug. The application of proBDNF into the lateral ventricle significantly inhibits migration of CGCs out of the proliferative zone into the internal granular cell layer, whereas the neutralizing antibodies enhance this migration. Furthermore, the effects of proBDNF on cell migration are lost in p75NTR^-/- mice. Our data suggest that proBDNF negatively regulates migration of CGCs and this effect is mediated by p75NTR. We conclude that proBDNF has an opposing role in migration of CGCs to that of mature BDNF.

Vu tau Impeccable va Vung dac quyen kinh te

Ian Townsend-Gault — Tue, 21 May 2013 16:50:14 PDT

Vụ va chạm giữa tàu Mỹ Impeccable và nhiều tàu Trung Quốc trên Biển Đông hôm 8.3 thể hiện những diễn biến đáng lo ngại. Tin nói vụ va chạm xảy ra cách phía nam đảo Hải Nam 75 dặm, bên ngoài hải phận Trung Quốc, nhưng lại ở trong vùng đặc quyền kinh tế 200 hải lý của nước này.

The Tip of a Fast-disappearing Iceberg?: Implications of the opening up of the Northern Sea Route

Clive H. Schofield — Tue, 21 May 2013 16:30:22 PDT

The opening up of the Northern Sea Route raises the question of whether Arctic navigation will become a viable proposition and the implications of such an eventuality. The opening up of the route will necessitate the Arctic littoral states to put in greater efforts to manage and govern these developments and, in particular, enhance their surveillance, enforcement and search and rescue capabilities to protect and preserve the remote, environmentally fragile but increasingly used Arctic marine spaces involved.

Social systems in habitat-specialist reef fishes: key concepts in evolutionary ecology

Marian Y.L Wong — Mon, 20 May 2013 19:25:11 PDT

A major focus in evolutionary ecology lies in explaining the evolution and maintenance of social systems. Although most theoretical formulations of social system evolution were initially inspired by studies of birds, mammals, and insects, incorporating a wider taxonomic perspective is important for testing deeply entrenched theory. Here, we review the contribution of studies of habitat-specialist coral reef fishes to our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of animal social systems. These fishes are ecologically similar but display remarkable variation in mating systems, social organization, and sex allocation strategies. By reviewing recent research, we demonstrate their amenability for experimental testing of key concepts in social evolution and for generating novel insights, including the ultimate reasons for female reproductive suppression, group living, and bidirectional sex change. Habitat-specialist reef fishes are a tried and tested group of model organisms for advancing our understanding of the evolution and ecology of social systems in animals.

CALNOC demonstrates leadership in nursing outcomes research

Liza Heslop — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:45:13 PDT

To enhance the quality of health care services provided by the nursing workforce, organisations need to have appropriate programs and initiatives in place. They must also ensure nursing quality measurements are clearly identified and assessed.

Meeting recommended dietary intakes in meal plans with ≥4 servings of grain-based foods daily

Yasmine Probst — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:40:17 PDT

Objective To develop meal plans using grain-based foods demonstrating how to incorporate wholegrain foods into a balanced diet for weight maintenance for different cuisines. The present study examines the ability of meal plans with ≥4 grain-based servings daily to meet nutrient recommendations using lacto-ovo vegetarian and rice-based cuisines. Design Eighteen plans from each cuisine for three age brackets for both genders were developed. Plans aimed for ≥4 servings of grain-based foods daily, with separate plans for all wholegrain, all refined-grain and half wholegrain–half refined-grain foods. Meal plans followed an isoenergetic approach and were designed to meet specific Australian nutrient reference values and serving sizes. Results All plans met the Recommended Dietary Intake or Adequate Intake for targeted nutrients except for Fe in the rice-based meal plan for females aged ≥19 years (17 mg). In the plans for 14–18 year and ≥19 year age groups, four servings of grain-based foods could be accommodated. In the plans for 9–13 years, increasing the number of grain-based food servings to four reduced micronutrients levels delivered by the total diet. Specific food choices were made to ensure nutrient targets were met across each category for wholegrain and refined-grain plans. The major difference in nutrients between wholegrain and refined-grain foods was found in the vegetarian cuisine, where the meal plans containing whole grains produced on average 30 % higher fibre (38–53 g) levels than those with refined grains (27–40 g). Conclusions With careful food selection, meal plans with ≥4 servings of grain-based foods daily can meet nutrient reference values for lacto-ovo vegetarian and rice-based cuisines.

The human rights of people with severe and persistent mental illness: can conflicts between dominant and non-dominant paradigms be reconciled ?

Alan Rosen — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:40:17 PDT

Historically the mental health human rights movement derived human rights for people with mental illnesses from other rights movements. The disability rights movement co-opted techniques from women's rights and black rights movements, and in turn the mental health consumer movement took many cues from the broader disability movement. People with mental illness were relative latecomers to civil and disability rights activism. They were left out of these movements because they were still institutionalized when this movement was gathering steam, and partly because of the stigmatized views from within the movement, that individuals with psychotic disorders were too violent, volatile, or irrational, and unable to meaningfully participate in empowerment (Cook and Jonikas 2002). There is now a clearly defined advocacy sector that is overt in trying to define disability rights. Various nations have enacted disability legislation, culminating in international disability rights conventions 'in an attempt to articulate what social justice means for people with disabilities in receipt of government funded services: (Robin Banks-PIAC personal communication).

An appraisal of the extent and geomorphological diversity of the coral reefs of the United Kingdom Dependent Territories

S Hamylton — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:40:14 PDT

The 14 Dependent Territories governed by the United Kingdom (UK) Foreign and Commonwealth Office include in alphabetic order Anguilla, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha, British Antarctic Territory, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Island, St Helena, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, Sovereign Base Areas on Cyprus and the Turks and Caicos Islands (Fig. 1.1). UK governance responsibilities for these territories include the strengthening of democracy, environmental protection, improvement of public services and law enforcement (Oldfield and Sheppard 1997)

Electron spin resonance dating of vertebrate remains from the Pestera cu Oase

Rainer Grun — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:35:12 PDT

To provide an additional radiometric dating window on the ages of the cave bear and other vertebrate remains and their contexts, electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis was undertaken for nineteen samples. These samples came from the surfaces of the Galeria celor Trei Cranii, the Galeria Lunga, and the Galeria Culcu§urilor, from the surface and within the bone bed of the Panta Stdimo§ilor, and from within the stratigraphy of the Putul. In each case the samples were of permanent teeth associated with bone and adherent sediment. A total of 17 of the samples were of Ursus spelaeus remains, and the last two derived one each from Cervus elaphus and Canis lupus.

Climate change and Australia's frogs: how much do we need to worry?

Francis Lemckert — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:35:12 PDT

Three aspects of the biology of anurans indicate that climate change could have a significant impact on these vertebrates: a) they are ectotherms and ambient temperatures can strongly influence their activity, b) a permeable skin requires them to have regular access to sources of moisture, and c) most species require free water for larval development. Research from the northern hemisphere suggests climatic changes have already impacted amphibians through changes in breeding phenology, loss of breeding sites, changes in moisture regimes and a possible increased impact of disease. Such impacts have yet to be tested for or detected in Australia's species, which are adapted to different environments and have different ancestries. Species of most concern are narrow range, montane species with unique breeding strategies and that occupy consistently moist environments. Recent predictive modeling however, has suggested that species with much broader distributions could experience significant range reductions by 2070, mainly as a result of a reduction in seasonal rainfall patterns. Changes in the frequency and regularity of rainfall may result in detrimental shifts in pond hydroperiod and this could negatively impact many species. Further research is required to determine just which species are at significant risk from predicted climate changes and generate discussion on appropriate adaptive strategies.

Archaeological science in Australia: integrating across disciplines and scales of analysis

Zenobia Jacobs — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:30:20 PDT

The basic questions in prehistoric archaeology have not changed much over the last forty years. In Australia, we continue to debate when and where Australia and its arid interior were first colonised, and whether or not these early colonisers were responsible for the extinction of the Australian megafauna. These questions are broad and any answers involve interdisciplinary teamwork that crosses conventional academic boundaries - the humanities and sciences.

Diversity and demographic heterogeneity of Australian nursing students: a closer look

Y Salamonson — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:30:19 PDT

Background: In the last decade, there has been a rapid growth of international students undertaking nursing studies in Australian universities. At the same time, nursing courses continue to attract local students from a diversity of backgrounds. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine first year nursing students by enrolment classification and country of birth: i) international; ii) local, overseas-born; and iii) local, Australian-born student, and demographic differences of academic performance at the 12-month follow-up. Methods: A prospective, correlational design was used to identify nursing student characteristics as predictors of academic performance in a large university in the western region of Sydney. Results: Of the 806 students enrolled in the course, 540 (67%) completed the survey and consented to data linkage. Fifty-six per cent of the 540 participants were born overseas, of which 38% were local and 18% were international students. Local, overseas-born students originated from 55 different countries, in contrast to international students who were representative of only 16 different countries. International students were younger, spent less time in paid work and were more likely to have a close friend in the same course. Although age was positively related to academic performance, local, overseas-born and international enrolment classifications, and hours in paid work during semester were negatively associated to academic performance. Conclusion: This study has taken a closer look at an important issue that requires further examination, given that international and local, overseas-born students were two distinctive groups. Although both groups underperformed academically compared with Australian-born students, the differences in characteristics between local, overseas-born students and international students suggest that these two student groups are likely to experience different challenges during their nursing studies in Australia.

Continuing education: advanced food composition data use in practice

Lillian Forrest — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:25:11 PDT

This continuing education quiz is part 2 of a two-part series that reviews food composition databases that underpin the knowledge base as well as application of their use in practise.

Morphological characterisation of reef types in Torres Strait and an assessment of their carbonate production, Marine Geology

Javier X. Leon — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:25:11 PDT

Coral reefs represent major accumulations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The particularly labyrinthine network of reefs in Torres Strait, north of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), has been examined in order to estimate their gross CaCO3 productivity. The approach involved a two-step procedure, first characterising and classifying the morphology of reefs based on a classification scheme widely employed on the GBR and then estimating gross CaCO3 productivity rates across the region using a regional census-based approach. This was undertaken by independently verifying published rates of coral reef community gross production for use in Torres Strait, based on site-specific ecological and morphological data. A total of 606 reef platforms were mapped and classified using classification trees. Despite the complexity of the maze of reefs in Torres Strait, there are broad morphological similarities with reefs in the GBR. The spatial distribution and dimensions of reef types across both regions are underpinned by similar geological processes, sea-level history in the Holocene and exposure to the same wind/wave energetic regime, resulting in comparable geomorphic zonation. However, the presence of strong tidal currents flowing through Torres Strait and the relatively shallow and narrow dimensions of the shelf exert a control on local morphology and spatial distribution of the reef platforms. A total amount of 8.7 million tonnes of CaCO3 per year, at an average rate of 3.7 kg CaCO3 m− 2 yr− 1 (G), were estimated for the studied area. Extrapolated production rates based on detailed and regional census-based approaches for geomorphic zones across Torres Strait were comparable to those reported elsewhere, particularly values for the GBR based on alkalinity-reduction methods. However, differences in mapping methodologies and the impact of reduced calcification due to global trends in coral reef ecological decline and changing oceanic physical conditions warrant further research. The novel method proposed in this study to characterise the geomorphology of reef types based on classification trees provides an objective and repeatable data-driven approach that combined with regional census-based approaches has the potential to be adapted and transferred to different coral reef regions, depicting a more accurate picture of interactions between reef ecology and geomorphology.

What does being "well-prepared" for wildfire mean?

Tim Prior — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:25:11 PDT

The ability of landowners to respond to and recover from a wildfire event depends to a large degree on their preparation. Despite the attention and resources directed to this goal many people generally remain underprepared (AFAC, 2010; Eriksen & Gill, 2010; Prior, 2010). This information-to-action gap is by no means Australia-specific, having been recognised as an important public policy issue internationally (Jakes, 2002; McCaffrey, 2006; Stetler, Venn & Calkin, 2010). If being "well prepared" is a key objective of wildfire risk communication, then this begs the question: what is "well prepared"? The term "well prepared" is widely used but poorly defined. Pursuing this objective thus requires examining what well prepared actually means to risk communicators and at-risk residents respectively. This analysis is based on the distinct, but complementary aspects of preparation: practical and psychological preparedness.

Quantitative indicators from a food expenditure survey can be used to target the food insecure in South Africa

Rose Donald — Mon, 20 May 2013 18:20:14 PDT

Recent work on assessing household food insecurity has focused mainly on experiential-based measures using qualitative survey questions. In this paper, we employed two quantitative measures to estimate prevalence rates for household food insecurity in South Africa. One measure, termed food poverty, assessed whether the amount spent by a household on food was inadequate to purchase a low cost food plan. Low energy availability assessed whether the food energy available to a household, through its purchases and home production, was less than the sum of its members' recommended energy intakes. The 1995 Income and Expenditure Survey, a large representative survey of South African households (n = 28,704), was used for this secondary data analysis. Results showed that 43% of households were in food poverty in October 1995, and 55% had a low energy availability. These indicators allowed classification of households into four groups: food poverty only; low energy availability only; food insecure on both measures; and food secure. These groups differed on various aspects of household food consumption, suggesting that these indicators can be used to target different types of interventions to meet specific needs. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that households that were food insecure on both measures were more likely to be in rural areas, have low incomes or large household sizes, and be headed by Africans or individuals of mixed ancestry. These patterns of food insecurity were corroborated by previous research on income poverty and nutritional status, suggesting that food poverty and low energy availability are useful, quantitative indicators for assessing food insecurity in South Africa.

Eating well: ageing gracefully!

Karen E. Charlton — Mon, 20 May 2013 16:00:19 PDT

The potential impact of dietary manipulation on the maintenance of physical and cognitive function between middle and old age has profound consequences for optimization of health, independence and well-being for the latter years. This review article considers four key areas: the role of diet and longevity; potential dietary measures to prevent sarcopenia; diet and cognitive function; and dietary interventions with regard to primary or secondary prevention of age-related chronic disorders. Caloric restriction has been shown to slow ageing and maintain health status in both primates and rats. The evidence has limited applicability to humans, since it is unlikely that 30% reduced diets could be maintained long-term. The causes of sarcopenia, which manifests as loss of strength, disability and reduced quality of life, are multifactorial. However, resistance with ageing to regulatory amino acids known to modulate translation and initiation, particularly leucine, raise possibilities with regard to dietary intervention. The pattern of protein intake appears to be important in whole-body protein retention in older adults. A body of evidence is emerging that associates various dietary factors with a reduction in cognitive decline with age, or a delay in the progression of Alzheimer's disease, particularly with regard to intake of vitamin E and C-containing foods, as well as fish intake. Epidemiological evidence demonstrates a role for dietary intervention in the primary prevention of chronic diseases, even in old age. However, the potentially harmful effects of micronutrient supplementation in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease raise concern regarding appropriate dietary messages for the elderly. The role of the antioxidants, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, in the prevention of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration support the almost universal dietary guideline 'eat more fruit and vegetables'. In future dietary guidelines for the elderly need to be evidence-based and take into account protective food patterns, rather than target specific foods.

Abiotic stressors and the conservation of social species

Marian Y. L Wong — Sun, 19 May 2013 23:20:13 PDT

Human activities have profoundly changed the abiotic environment, which in many cases has resulted in the deterioration of natural ecosystems. This global problem requires collaborative efforts between scientific disciplines and between academics and wildlife managers if we are to preserve the remaining biodiversity. Here I discuss a potential application of behavioral ecology to the conservation of social species in the face of abiotic disturbances. I argue that a key step towards an effective application of behavioral ecology lies in uniting perspectives on the effects of individual-level social behaviors at multiple levels of ecological organization, with perspectives on the effects of human-induced abiotic perturbations on individual-level social responses. I illustrate these linkages by describing how dominance interactions between individuals can affect the structure and stability of groups, populations and communities. Then, I discuss how abiotic perturbations brought about by two key anthropogenic impacts can disrupt dominance relationships and hierarchy stability in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Finally, I describe management implications to highlight the applicability of the framework to predict consequences, prioritize species for conservation effort and suggest management actions. By integrating these perspectives, researchers studying animal societies can articulate a clear conservation message - that is, the impact of human activities on populations and communities can be rapidly and accurately predicted based on the modulation of individual-level social traits caused by abiotic stressors.

Association between blood pressure and sodium, potassium and calcium excretion in South Africans

Karen E. Charlton — Sun, 19 May 2013 23:20:12 PDT

Plasma vitamin C and vitamin E levels of elderly subjects with Alzheimer's Disease and senile dementia compared to subjects with no cognitive impairment

Tracey L. Rabinowitz — Sun, 19 May 2013 23:20:12 PDT

Sources of nutrition information and perceived credibility thereof in black urban women in two provinces

Karen E. Charlton — Sun, 19 May 2013 23:15:12 PDT

Prevalence of household food poverty in South Africa: results from a large nationally representative survey

Karen E. Charlton — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:50:12 PDT

OBJECTIVES: Household food insecurity is a major determinant of undernutrition, yet there is little information on its prevalence in the South African population. This paper assesses household food insecurity in South Africa using a quantitative and objective measure, known as food poverty, and provides prevalence estimates by geographic area and socio-economic condition. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis combining two sources: Statistics South Africa's household-based 1995 Income and Expenditure Survey; and the University of Port Elizabeth's Household Subsistence Level series, a nationally-conducted, market-based survey. SETTING: South Africa. SUBJECTS: A nationally representative sample of the entire country - stratified by race, province, and urban and non-urban areas - consisting of 28 704 households. RESULTS: A household is defined to be in food poverty when monthly food spending is less than the cost of a nutritionally adequate very low-cost diet. The prevalence of food poverty in South Africa in 1995 was 43%. Food poverty rates were highest among households headed by Africans, followed by coloureds, Indians and whites. Higher food poverty rates were found with decreasing income, increasing household size, and among households in rural areas or those headed by females. CONCLUSIONS: The widespread nature of household food insecurity in South Africa is documented here. Prevalence rates by geographic and socio-economic breakdown provide the means for targeting of nutritional interventions and for monitoring progress in this field. The corroboration of these findings with both internal validation measures and external sources suggests that food poverty is a useful, objective measure of household food insecurity.

Co-universal C*-algebras associated to generalised graphs

Nathan Brownlowe — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:30:18 PDT

We introduce P-graphs, which are generalisations of directed graphs in which paths have a degree in a semigroup P rather than a length in ℕ. We focus on semigroups P arising as part of a quasi-lattice ordered group (G, P) in the sense of Nica, and on P-graphs which are finitely aligned in the sense of Raeburn and Sims. We show that each finitely aligned P-graph admits a C*-algebra C*min (Λ) which is co-universal for partialisometric representations of Λ which admit a coaction of G compatible with the P-valued length function. We also characterise when a homomorphism induced by the co-universal property is injective. Our results combined with those of Spielberg show that every Kirchberg algebra is Morita equivalent to Cmin* (Λ) for some (ℕ2* ℕ)-graph Λ. © 2012 Hebrew University Magnes Press.

The information in aggregate data

David G. Steel — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:25:10 PDT

Ecological inference attempts to draw conclusions concerning individual-level relationships using data in the form of aggregates for groups in the population. The groups are often geographically defined. A fundamental statistical issue is how much information aggregate data contain concerning the relationships and parameters that we are trying to estimate. The information affects the standard errors of estimates as well as the power of any tests of hypothesis. It also affects the ability to tell, from the aggregate data, which different models under consideration are supported by the data. In this chapter likelihood-based methods are considered. We show in general how aggregation affects the information matrix associated with the maximum likelihood estimates compared with the case when individual-level data are available. Hypothesis testing using aggregate data is also considered. We apply this general approach to ecological inference in the case of several 2 by 2 tables and show how the information is affected by aggregation. Tests of the hypothesis that the parameters are constant across the groups are developed using aggregate data. We also consider how the addition of a small number of individual-level data obtained from a sample, ignoring the groups, increases the information concerning the parameters. The theory is illustrated through an example.

Analysis combining survey and geographically aggregated data

David G. Steel — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:20:13 PDT

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction and Overview Aggregate and Survey Data Availability Bias and Variance of Variance Component Estimators Based on Aggregate and Survey Data Simulation Studies Using Auxiliary Variables to Reduce Aggregation Effects Conclusions Acknowledgements

In search of a good rotation pattern

David G. Steel — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:20:13 PDT

A key element in the design of a repeated sample survey is the rotation pattern, which affects the variability of the time series of survey estimates and the seasonally adjusted and trend estimates produced from them. This paper considers the choice of rotation pattern for seasonally adjusted and trend estimates obtained from a repeated survey, using XII based methods.

Ignoring a level in a multilevel model: evidence from UK census data

Mark Tramner — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:20:13 PDT

Because of the inherent multilevel nature of census data, it is often appropriate to use multilevel models to investigate relationships between census variables. For a local population, the data available from the census allow a three-level nested model to be assumed, with an individual level (level 1), an enumeration district (ED) level (level 2), and a ward level (level 3). The consequences of ignoring one of the three levels in this model are assessed here theoretically. Empirical results, based on 1991 UK Census data, are also provided, comparing the variance components estimated from the three-level model with analyses based on models where the ED or ward level are ignored. The results show how the variation that occurs at the level not included in the models is redistributed to the other levels that the models do include.

Rotation patterns and trend estimation for repeated surveys using rotation group estimates

Craig H. McLaren — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:15:13 PDT

A general approach for constructing filters to produce trend estimates from a repeated survey is described. This approach accounts for the correlation structure induced by the rotation pattern used in the survey. Different filters are developed depending on whether the trend analysis is based on elementary estimates available for each rotation group or overall estimates obtained by combining the rotation group estimates. The properties of trend estimates obtained directly from the elementary estimates, those obtained from the simple average of the rotation group estimates and trend estimates obtained from the best linear unbiased estimates of the population characteristics of interest are compared. These comparisons are done for a number of rotation pattern, enabling an assessment of the impact of the choice of rotation patterns on trend estimation.

Simple methods for ecological inference in 2x2 tables

Raymond L. Chambers — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:15:12 PDT

This paper considers inference about the individual level relationship between two dichotomous variables based on aggregated data. It is known that such analyses suffer from 'ecological bias', caused by the lack of homogeneity of this relationship across the groups over which the aggregation occurs. Two new methods for overcoming this bias, one based on local smoothing and the other a simple semiparametric approach, are developed and evaluated. The local smoothing approach performs best when it is used with a covariate which accounts for some of the variation in the relationships across groups. The semiparametric approach performed well in our evaluation even without such auxiliary information.

An evaluation of a large-scale cati household survey using random digit dialling

Don J. Bennett — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:15:12 PDT

omputer-assisted telephone interviewing and random digit dialling are increasingly being used to conduct household surveys in Australia. However, there is little published information concerning Australian experience with such surveys. In 1995 the Government Statistician's Office in Queensland conducted a household survey to study population migration using these techniques. The survey involved a sample of 110 000 telephone numbers resulting in 38 000 responding households. This article describes a computerized survey management system that was developed and which provided information concerning important operational and quality aspects of the survey.

The effect of different rotation patterns on the revisions of trend estimates

David G. Steel — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:10:18 PDT

The X11 and X11ARIMA procedures are widely used to produce seasonally adjusted and trend estimates from time series obtained from sample surveys. The surveys are often based on designs in which there is sample overlap between different periods. The degree of overlap is determined by the pattern of inclusion of selected units over time, i.e., the rotation pattern. An important issue in analysing the series is that trend estimates at the end of the series are revised as estimates for recent periods are added. This article considers the effects of different rotation patterns on the mean squared error of the revisions of trend estimates.

Optimum allocation of sample to strata and stages with simple additional constraints

Robert G. Clark — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:10:17 PDT

The optimum allocation of a sample to strata and stages in a stratified two-stage design for a simple cost function is well known. In practice there may be reasons to impose simple additional constraints. It is shown how the theory for optimum allocation can be generalized to account for such constraints. A simple way of assessing the effect that each constraint has on the efficiency of the sample design is developed. This general approach allows several additional constraints that are used in practice to be applied. Data from the 1996 redesign of the Australian Monthly Labour Force Survey are used to illustrate how the inefficiencies arising from different constraints can be calculated.

Statistical indicators for local government areas: a case study of the Shoalhaven LGA, 1997

Nell Stetner-Houweling — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:10:17 PDT

Decision makers and planers need to have relevant and reliable information to give a picture of how different areas are developing economically and socially. However, there is a perceived lack of timely and easily accessible data at the Local Government Area (LGA) level. This study produced a statistical profile of the Shoalhaven (LGA) by developing a conceptual framework, which represents the key economic, social, and population characteristics of the LGA. The statistical data available from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) at the level of the LGA, was investigated and summarised. Other sources of information available to create a statistical profile of the Shoal haven LGA were identified. The criteria used to select indicators were that the data were already available, relevant to the concept being measured and comparable over time and areas. The data had to be reliable and likely to be available in the future. In compiling the data from multiple sources it is important that the methods of collection and reliability of the, data are investigated and documented and that concepts. definitions and classifications are comparable.

The longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and body mass index in children: A growth mixture modeling approach

Christopher A. Magee — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:10:11 PDT

OBJECTIVE: A growing number of studies indicate that shorter sleep durations could contribute to obesity in children. The objective of this article was to further examine the longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) in children by using a growth mixture modeling approach. METHOD: This article used prospective data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participants included 1079 children aged 4 to 5 years (2004) followed up until age 10 to 11 years (2010). Growth mixture modeling was performed to examine the longitudinal association between sleep duration and body mass index within distinct body mass index trajectories. RESULTS: The results indicated 3 distinct body mass index trajectories: healthy weight, early onset obesity, and later onset obesity. Longitudinal inverse associations were evident between sleep duration and body mass index in the Early Onset Trajectory. There were some associations between sleep duration and body mass index in the other trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: This article provides further insight into the longitudinal relationship between sleep duration and body mass index in children. In particular, the results indicate that shorter sleep durations are primarily associated with body mass index in children with early onset obesity.

Estimating the rate of erosion of a silty sand treated with lignosulfonate

Buddhima Indraratna — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:05:14 PDT

This paper describes a theoretical model to capture the rate of erosion of a silty sand based on the principle of conservation of energy. Erosion is considered to begin when the interparticle bonds between grains are broken by hydrodynamic stresses exerted on the soil particles. These detached particles are then suspended and transported by the flow of eroding fluid. It is further assumed that once the particles are fully suspended and have reached the flow velocity, resettlement does not take place. Stabilization of soil particles because of lignosulfonate (LS) treatment is represented by the increased strain energy required to break the interparticle bonds. The equation proposed in this study is based on the shear stress-strain characteristics, mean flow velocity, mean particle diameter, and the packing arrangement of particles. The result of the proposed study is presented in the form of erosion rate versus the hydraulic shear stress. The model is validated with a series of laboratory erosion tests using the Process Simulation Apparatus for Internal Crack Erosion (PSAICE) for different percentages of LS. The model results are in good agreement with the experimental observations. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000766. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.

The Impact of Different Rotation Patterns on the Sampling Variance of Seasonally Adjusted and Trend Estimates

Craig H. McLaren — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:05:14 PDT

Many economic and social time series are based on sample surveys which have complex sample designs. The sample design affects the properties of the time series. In particular, the overlap of the sample from period to period affects the variability of the time series of survey estimates, and the seasonally adjusted and trend estimates produced from them. The Census X11 and X11ARIMA packages are commonly used to produce seasonally adjusted estimates and can also be used to produce estimates of trend. This paper considers the implications of different overlap patterns on the sampling variance of seasonally adjusted and trend estimates obtained from time series based on sample surveys.

Restricted quasi-score estimating functions for sample survey data

Yan X. Lin — Sun, 19 May 2013 22:05:11 PDT

This paper applies the theory of the quasi-likelihood method to model-based inference for sample surveys. Currently, much of the theory related to sample surveys is based on the theory of maximum likelihood. The maximum likelihood approach is available only when the full probability structure of the survey data is known. However, this knowledge is rarely available in practice. Based on central limit theory, statisticians are often willing to accept the assumption that data have, say, a normal probability structure. However, such an assumption may not be reasonable in many situations in which sample surveys are used. We establish a framework for sample surveys which is less dependent on the exact underlying probability structure using the quasi-likelihood method.

Customising management education: designing learning episodes using an open system perspective

Peter McLean — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:25:08 PDT

This paper presents a holistic framework for designing effective learning episodes for management students. Based on a synthesis of adult learning theory and open system theory, the paper proposes a model of learning design which can guide the customising of management education to account for the particular requirements of the four key elements in a learning episode. Effective learning requires careful consideration of and alighment between these key elements, and flexibility to change when any of these elements varies from prior expectations.

Commercial and economic law in Australia

Eugene Clark — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:25:07 PDT

At the coalface: storying resistance to the managerial imposition of a new performance appraisal system

Patrick Dawson — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:20:10 PDT

This study explores contested change at Glenrothes Colliery and the way that stories emerge are challenged, developed, redefined and shared as part of a continuing dialogue and storying process as miners sought to reassert their sense of collective identity. We argue for a broader conceptualisation of story that moves beyond the confines of folklorist tradition with a focus on retrospective narrative analysis to one which is able to accommodate the temporal, contextual, and political nature of stories as employees make sense and give sense to the changes imposed by management that threatened their collective sense of identity.

Exploring the role of marketing strategy and new product development in long-term success of market acceptance: a case study of a local product in Thailand

Pensri Jaroenwanit — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:20:10 PDT

This paper aims to present the exploratory study of the role of marketing strategy and new product development in achieving long-term success of market acceptance in the context of a local product in Thailand. It is part of a large project, only qualitative study is included in this paper. The research methodology comprised documentary research, focus group discussion, and in-depth interview. Participants included local business representatives and customers who live in the regional area and have purchased and consumed the regional products in the last twelve months. The exploratory findings showed the importance of understanding the role of marketing strategy and product development resulting in the long-term success of market acceptance. The main marketing strategy problems were product designs to respond to customers' wants. Furthermore, product attributes including product style, pattern, and luxury image were dissatisfied when compared to competitors' products. The urgent need in improving market acceptance toward marketing strategy and product development were addressed. Further studies in generating new product ideas, screening and evaluating new product ideas were recommended.

Regulatory reform and the growth of private entrepreneurship in Vietnam

Viet Le — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:20:10 PDT

Diet quality is prospectively associated with incident impaired fasting glucose in older adults

B Gopinath — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:15:13 PDT

Aims Dietary modifications may play an important role in the prevention of diabetes. We aimed to assess the temporal association between diet quality and both impaired fasting glucose and Type 2 diabetes among older adults. Methods A total of 2564 participants aged 49+ years at baseline were examined between 1992 and 1994 and 2002–2004 and had their fasting blood glucose measured. Dietary data were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A modified version of the Healthy Eating Index for Australians was developed to determine Total Diet Score. Incident diabetes (or impaired fasting glucose) was defined in participants at risk who were newly diagnosed by a physician during the follow-up or found to have a fasting blood glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (or 6.1–6.9 mmol/l). Results After adjusting for age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, hypertension and serum triglycerides, comparing highest with lowest tertile of total diet score, a significant 75% decrease in risk of incident impaired fasting glucose was observed in men (Ptrend = 0.02). Also, in men, each two-point increase in Total Diet Score was associated with a 52% reduction in the 10-year incidence of impaired fasting glucose, (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33–0.69). No significant associations were observed among women or with the 10-year incidence of diabetes. Conclusions Greater compliance with published dietary guidelines (better diet quality) was associated with a reduced risk of pre-diabetes in men, but not women.

Further comment on "market orientation"

John R. Rossiter — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:15:10 PDT

This further commentary article presents a C-OAR-SE-based critique of the six articles discussing ''market orientation'' - hereafter often abbreviated as MO - in the August 2011 issue of this journal (Rong and Wilkinson, 2011; Uncles, 2011; Wensley, 2011; Wiley, 2011; Woodside, 2011; and Young, 2011). The main conclusion is that the MO construct should be abandoned. It should be replaced by two entirely different constructs, briefly labeled as managerial strategy beliefs and market intelligence usage (these new constructs, respectively, refine the thinking of the original MO theorists Narver and Slater, 1990, and Kohli and Jaworski, 1990). Appropriate measures of the two new constructs are outlined.

Growth, foreign investment and trade-openness interactions in ten OECD countries: a panel-VAR approach

Rudra P. Pradhan — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:15:10 PDT

This paper investigates statistical relationships between economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness, using panel-VAR methods in relation to ten significant OECD countries: Austria, Canada, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Norway, Spain, Switzerland and the USA, between 1970 and 2010. We find that foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth are co-integrated, suggesting the presence of long-run equilibrium relationships between them. Our Granger-causality tests indicate the presence of bidirectional causality linking foreign direct investment to trade openness, with unidirectional causality from foreign direct investment to economic growth, and also from trade openness to economic growth. Significantly, the pattern of causal relationships varies between the countries we studied

Gas-phase transformation of phosphatidylcholine cations to structurally informative anions via ion/ion chemistry

John R. Stutzman — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:10:13 PDT

Gas-phase transformation of synthetic phosphatidylcholine (PC) monocations to structurally informative anions is demonstrated via ion/ion reactions with doubly deprotonated 1,4-phenylenedipropionic acid (PDPA). Two synthetic PC isomers, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC16:0/18:1) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC18:1/16:0), were subjected to this ion/ion chemistry. The product of the ion/ion reaction is a negatively charged complex, [PC + PDPA – H]−. Collisional activation of the long-lived complex causes transfer of a proton and methyl cation to PDPA, generating [PC – CH3]−. Subsequent collisional activation of the demethylated PC anions produces abundant fatty acid carboxylate anions and low-abundance acyl neutral losses as free acids and ketenes. Product ion spectra of [PC – CH3]− suggest favorable cleavage at the sn-2 position over the sn-1 due to distinct differences in the relative abundances. In contrast, collisional activation of PC cations is absent of abundant fatty acid chain-related product ions and typically indicates only the lipid class via formation of the phosphocholine cation. A solution phase method to produce the gas-phase adducted PC anion is also demonstrated. Product ion spectra derived from the solution phase method are similar to the results generated via ion/ion chemistry. This work demonstrates a gas-phase means to increase structural characterization of phosphatidylcholines via ion/ion chemistry.

Millennium-scale records of benthic foraminiferal communities from the central Great Barrier Reef reveal spatial differences and temporal consistency

Claire E. Reymond — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:10:12 PDT

Understanding long-term community dynamics and the ways in which they respond to major disturbances is a central management theme within coastal marine ecosystems. River outputs from the Queensland coastline directly affect inshore marine communities of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. Of these, the Burdekin River exports the highest volume of terrestrial runoff. Following European settlement in the mid-19th century, over three quarters of the native vegetation from the Burdekin catchment were cleared for agricultural purposes. Despite such extensive historical catchment modification, the impact of these changes on the inshore GBR is largely unknown, primarily due to the paucity of long-term ecological data. To assess the effects of modern land-use change on inshore reef environments and to establish an historical baseline of community structure, we examined the sedimentary geochemistry and benthic foraminiferal assemblages of eight sediment cores collected from two coral reefs situated inside (Pandora) and outside (Havannah) an inner-shelf sediment prism formed during the Holocene. Foraminiferal community structure was reconstructed from the past millennium, and the time series was constrained using U-series dating of coral fragments within the cores. Environmental records were reconstructed using stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) and elemental C:N ratios from bulk sediment samples. Non-parametric analysis of community structure in benthic foraminifers indicated no change in community structure through time at either reef. Despite this apparent ecological persistence through time, significant differences in foraminiferal community structure were observed between the two reefs. The communities were clearly characterized by different functional groups; heterotrophic genera were persistent within, and symbiont-bearing genera were persistent outside, the Holocene inshore sediment wedge. We found no difference in the source of organic matter (interpreted from δ13C values) either between reefs or through time, yet elemental C:N ratios indicated a difference in the amount of organic matter between reefs. The influence of the Holocene inshore sediment wedge was demonstrated by the dissimilarity in sedimentary C:N ratios between the two reefs.

Do private equity investors conspire with ultimate owners in the IPO process?

Qigui Liu — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:10:09 PDT

This paper examines the interactive effect of private equity (PE) and ultimate owners on the process of firms' going public. We find that firms with high excess control rights have more earnings management before IPO, and they are more likely to seek PE investors especially when the earnings management are high. We further show that the involvement of PE investors increases the probability of the firms' IPO application being approved by the regulators in firms with high excess control rights. However, the PE-backed firms with high excess control rights are found to have higher IPO fee, lower initial returns and lower longterm post-IPO performance. We argue that in emerging markets where the protection of minority shareholders is weak and the economy is dominated by relationship and networks, ultimate owners have strong incentive to seek PE investors to help them accessing the IPO market in the expense of minority shareholders' interest especially when they have excess control rights. Instead of playing monitory role, PE investors actually conspire with the ultimate owners to exploit minority shareholders' interests and both PE investors and controlling shareholders become big winners, while minority shareholders are the only loser in the process of IPO.

The stock market implication of political connections: evidence from firms' dividend policy

Jerry Cao — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:10:09 PDT

Political connections are valuable for shareholders of privately-run firms especially in countries with weak legal institutions. We study the effect of a firm's political connections in the public equity market by focusing on its impact on the firms' dividend policy. Prior studies suggest that dividends signal the commitment for proper treatment of minority shareholders and thus high growth firms pay dividends to establish such a reputation for better access to equity market in the future. Using a sample of privately-owned Chinese firms, we find that politically connected firms are less likely to pay dividends and pay less if they pay. Investors value firms' political connections more than dividends, and they are more likely to endorse managerial decisions in politically connected firms. Specifically, investors of these firms have a significantly lower valuation of dividend payouts than otherwise similar firms but without connections. They prefer firm investments to cash payouts by connected firms with high growth opportunities, and tend to value these firms' investment decisions significantly higher. Finally, connected firms are also more able to tap public equity market for funds. Our study sheds light on the effect of political connections on firm policies.

Political promotion, CEO incentives, and the relationship between pay and performance

Jerry Cao — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:05:08 PDT

We examine how incentives for political promotion affect compensation policy and firm performance in Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In contrast to the conventional wisdom that political incentives tend to be misaligned with value maximization, we find that the likelihood that the CEO receives a political promotion is positively related to firm performance. In addition, as predicted by models of career concerns (Gibbons and Murphy (1992)) we find that CEOs with a higher likelihood of political promotion have lower pay levels and lower sensitivity of pay to performance. Overall, the evidence suggests that competition in the political job market helps mitigate weak monetary incentives for CEOs in China. Moreover, the Chinese example suggests that state control and political connections are not necessarily inconsistent with good economic incentives.

Big Data as a Strategic Enabler of Superior Emergency Service Management: Lessons from The New South Wales State Emergency Service

Samuel Fosso Wamba — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:05:08 PDT

A unique form of organization that has not received much attention is the emergency services organization, which is tasked with responding to crises and disasters such as floods, fires, hurricanes, tsunamis, and other natural and man-made disasters. Effective responses in such situations are reliant on the availability of archived information as well as on the effective real-time integration and utilization of data coming from various channels including sensors, satellites, social media feeds, photos, video and cell phone GPS signals or 'Big Data' (IBM 2012; Rich 2012). The effective management of these events also requires the collaboration and coordination of a range of government decision makers, emergency response stakeholders, and community-based non-government organizations (Chatfield, Fosso Wamba et al. 2010). The availability of real-time location-aware information, as well as the ability to effectively integrate and utilize information available with different autonomous agencies are key to effective decision making and resource deployment to respond to crises.

Streamlining aged care assessment (Australia)

Janet E. Sansoni — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:00:15 PDT

Clinician and patient ratings of severity compared with short assessment tools for urinary incontinence

Janet E. Sansoni — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:00:15 PDT

Positive psychology and coaching psychology in schools

Lisa S. Green — Sun, 19 May 2013 20:50:10 PDT

Why do companies fail? Considering the key problems and success factors in modelling failure prediction in an Australian context

William Wilkinson — Sun, 19 May 2013 20:50:10 PDT

Corporate failure is a regularly recurring problem for stakeholders, particularly investors, creditors and customers. Early attempts at predicting such failure typically relied on analysis of individual performance measurements such as accounting ratios; it was not until the late 1960s that a modelling approach to the problem started to evolve. Altman's Z-score model was the first approach to combine a series of weighted ratios using the statistical technique of multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) to arrive at a final score, which was used to determine whether or not a company was likely to fail. Substantial research has followed over the subsequent 40 years, resulting in model variants ranging from slight changes to the seminal Z-score approach, and finally to totally different approaches using a range of statistical tools. This paper looks at the question of whether modelling can be an effective tool for failure prediction. It firstly looks at previous research in this area, particularly with regard to the shortcomings of modelling approaches in general, but also at some key problem areas for models such as defining what constitutes a failure event, some of the perceived specific shortcomings of previous failure modelling attempts and issues around the impact of creative accounting. The impact of non-financial factors is considered, leading to some conclusions on the practicality of incorporating such information in a model environment. The new multi-dimensional modelling approach introduced is based on Australian source data from three related industry groupings and focuses on providing a failure probability result rather than a defined fail/non-fail conclusion. The paper concludes by discussing some of the key contributing factors identified in the development of the model, including the clear evidence of predictive value incorporated in cash flow information, particularly cash flows from operations.

Library Annual Report 2009

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 19:46:44 PDT

Library Annual Report 1993

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 19:43:49 PDT

Library Annual Report 2002

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 19:43:48 PDT

Library Annual Report 2001

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 19:43:46 PDT

Library Annual Report 1979

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 19:43:45 PDT

Library Annual Report 1978

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 19:43:44 PDT

Library Annual Report 1977

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:59:39 PDT

Library Annual Report 1976

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:59:38 PDT

Library Annual Report 1975

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:59:37 PDT

Library Annual Report 1974

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:59:35 PDT

Library Annual Report 1973

Univeristy of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:59:34 PDT

Library Annual Report 1972

University of Wollongong — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:59:33 PDT

Multi-phase variety trials using both composite and individual replicate samples: A model-based design approach

Alison B. Smith — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:58:04 PDT

This paper provides an approach for the design and analysis of variety trials that are used to obtain quality trait data. These trials are multi-phase in nature, comprising a field phase followed by one or more laboratory phases. Typically the laboratory phases are costly relative to the field phase and this necessitates a limit on the number of samples that can be tested. Historically, this has been achieved by sacrificing field replication, either by testing a single replicate plot for each variety or a single composite sample, obtained by combining material from several field replicates. An efficient statistical analysis cannot be applied to such data so that valid inference and accurate prediction of genetic effects is precluded. In this paper we propose an approach in which some varieties are tested using individual field replicate samples and others as composite samples. Replication in the laboratory is achieved by splitting a relatively small number of field samples into sub-samples for separate processing. We show that, if necessary, some of the composite samples may be split for this purpose. We also show that, given a choice of field compositing and laboratory replication strategy, an efficient design for a laboratory phase may be obtained using model-based techniques. The methods are illustrated using two examples.

First principles study of gallium cleaning for hydrogen-contaminated α-Al2O3(0001) surfaces

Rui Yang — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:50:13 PDT

The use of gallium for cleaning hydrogen-contaminated Al2O 3 surfaces is explored by performing first principles density functional calculations of gallium adsorption on a hydrogen-contaminated Al-terminated α-Al2O3(0001) surface. Both physisorbed and chemisorbed H-contaminated α-Al2O 3(0001) surfaces with one monolayer (ML) gallium coverage are investigated. The thermodynamics of gallium cleaning are considered for a variety of different asymptotic products, and are found to be favorable in all cases. Physisorbed H atoms have very weak interactions with the Al 2O3 surface and can be removed easily by the Ga ML. Chemisorbed H atoms form stronger interactions with the surface Al atoms. Bonding energy analysis and departure simulations indicate, however, that chemisorbed H atoms can be effectively removed by the Ga ML. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Learning Design Map (LDMap) for Mathematics Teachers in Developing Countries and the Benefit of Its Use for Curriculum Review

Maman Fathurrohman — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:32:37 PDT

In this paper, Learning Design Map (LDMap) to document and share mathematical teaching and learning experiences are proposed. These maps are intended for use by mathematics teachers in developing countries. The development of the maps is based on a survey that gathered information related to the real and perceived ICT infrastructure, facilities, and resources, in one accessible area in a developing country. These maps can be created by teachers. It is expected that the map will be shared and modified by teachers and that there will be a circulation of the mathematical teaching and learning experiences among teachers through the use of these maps. The Learning Design Map (LDMap) is based on XML technology so that the data contained in this file can be extracted across platforms. Through mapping assessments, outcomes, resources and other attributes as considered desireable in the LDMaps can be designed to facilitate curriculum review. The benefit of the use of LDMaps for curriculum review is explored.

Addressing the Needs of a Developing Nation: Electronic Maps of Mathematical Learning Resources Accessible Via the Internet

Maman Fathurrohman — Sun, 19 May 2013 18:01:38 PDT

Teaching and learning of mathematics are integral parts of societies throughout the world. The fundamental or core nature of mathematics, its compulsory acquisition, requires high quality mathematics learning experiences. Moreover it is highly desirable that the emergence of new technology positively influences learning experiences in mathematics. Since 81.5 percent of countries in the world belong to developing countries, it is important that technology-based learning experiences are implemented in these countries. Based on a survey in Bojonegara Sub District, Indonesia, a prototype of modifiable and shareable electronic maps has been developed. This product would be useful for teachers mapping mathematical learning resources in the Internet for easy access and download for use for teaching and learning. The teachers could also create, modify and share the maps with others.

The effect of processing parameters on the dynamic recrystallisation behaviour of API-X70 pipeline steel

Abdullah Al Shahrani — Sun, 19 May 2013 17:40:13 PDT

The effect of deformation temperature and strain rate on the dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) behaviour of X70 pipeline steel was investigated. DRX parameters such as the critical and peak stresses and strains as well as the deformation activation energy were determined in the temperature range between 925 degrees C and 1125 degrees C for strain rates of 0.1, 1 and 5 s(-1). The relationship between the peak stresses and strains with the Zener-Hollomon parameter was determined. The dynamically recrystallised volume fraction was computed as a function of the different temperatures and strain rates. The APRGE software was applied for the first time on electron back-scattering diffraction data of dynamically recrystallised microstructures in order to reconstruct the prior austenite from the as-quenched martensite phase. The dynamically recrystallised flow stress curves and microstructure were also predicted using cellular automata modelling. The results show an earlier onset of DRX with a decrease in strain rate or an increase in deformation temperature. The dynamically recrystallised grain size is also found to decrease with an increase in strain rate and a lowering of deformation temperature. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Assessing barotrauma among angled snapper (Pagrus auratus) and the utility of release methods

Paul A. Butcher — Sun, 19 May 2013 17:19:56 PDT

Australian recreational and commercial fishers catch snapper (Pagrus auratus) from down to ∼120 m, often evoking barotrauma. Owing to minimum legal sizes and quotas or non-consumptive fishing practices, some afflicted fish are released, raising concerns over the potential for unaccounted fishing mortality. Two experiments were completed to quantify the (1) clinical signs of barotrauma among fish angled from 6 to 120 m (experiment 1) and (2) mortality (over 3 d) of fish with barotrauma that were released following either no treatment, venting (e.g. needle) or recompression (e.g. release weight) (experiment 2). In experiment 1, barotrauma was evident in some fish angled from 11 m and all from >20 m. Fish were considered to have barotrauma if they had a prolapsed cloaca combined with a distended coelomic cavity and/or gastric herniation into the buccal cavity. Despite similar clinical signs among fish in experiment 2, none died, however, the associated trauma raises welfare concerns. Both recompression and venting offered benefits over no treatment by returning fish to depth quickly and releasing gases, respectively. Nevertheless, the release method should be dictated by the clinical signs of barotrauma and extrinsic conditions, including the competency of the fisher (e.g. for venting), presence of predators (e.g. for recompression), and exposure to sun or warm water (e.g. no treatment). More selective gears, spatial and temporal closures, or possibly replacing minimum legal sizes with quotas in deep water only could also reduce the frequency of barotrauma among released P. auratus and therefore, negative impacts on stocks.

M-Quantile Regression for Binary Data with Application to Small Area Estimation

Ray Chambers — Sun, 19 May 2013 16:31:40 PDT

M-quantile regression models are a robust and flexible alternative to random effects models, particularly in small area estimation. However quantiles, and more generally M-quantiles, are only uniquely defined for continuous variables. In this paper we extend the M-quantile regression approach to binary data, and more generally to count data. This approach is then applied to estimation of a small area proportion, where a popular alternative approach is to use a plugin version of the Empirical Best (EB) predictor based on a generalised linear mixed model for the underlying binary variable. Results from both model-based and design-based simulations comparing the binary M-quantile and the plug-in EB predictors demonstrate the usefulness of the M-quantile approach in this case. The paper concludes with two illustrative applications. The first addresses estimation of the number of unemployed people aged 16 and above resident in the Unitary Authorities and Local Authority Districts of Great Britain. The second considers estimation of the number of poor households in each of the Local Labour Systems of the Tuscany region of Italy.

Using Social Network Information for Survey Estimation

Thomas Suesse — Sun, 19 May 2013 16:25:01 PDT

Standard model-based and model-assisted methods of survey estimation aim to improve the precision of estimators of the population total or mean. These methods are often based on a linear regression model defined in terms of auxiliary variables whose values are assumed known for all population units. Friendships and other social relationships represent another form of auxiliary information that might increase the precision of these estimators. Such relationships are typically expressed in terms of a social network. Common linear models that use social networks as an additional source of information include autocorrelation, disturbance and contextual models. In this paper we investigate how much of the population network needs to be known for estimation methods based on these models to be useful. In particular, we use simulation to compare the performance of the best linear unbiased predictor under a model that ignores the network with model-based estimators that incorporate network information. Our results show that incorporating network information via a contextual model is the best performer overall. We also show that the full population network is not required, but that the partial network linking the sampled population units to the non-sampled population units needs to be known. Finally, we illustrate the contextual model by applying it to friendship network information collected in the British Household Panel Study.

Sampling the Maori Population using Proxy Screening, the Electoral Roll and Disproportionate Sampling in the New Zealand Health Survey

Robert Graham Clark — Sun, 19 May 2013 16:19:49 PDT

This chapter describes an instructive example of a hard-to-reach subpopulation: the indigenous Māori population of New Zealand. This population shares some characteristics with others described in earlier chapters: it is relatively rare, over- surveyed, and geographically dispersed, and there is no adequate population frame. There are some unique features as well: Māori are less rare than many indigenous populations, and have a special status in the NZ electoral system, so that the Electoral Roll provides a useful partial frame. A combination of strategies to oversample Māori in the NZ Health Survey is found to work well. A novel approach to setting the large number of design parameters required by this design is described, based on numerical optimization using a training and validation dataset.

The use of iodised salt in the manufacturing of processed foods in South Africa: bread and bread premixes, margarine, and flavourants of salty snacks.

Melanie Harris — Thu, 16 May 2013 22:45:14 PDT

Salt is widely used by the food industry, but information on the use of iodised salt as an ingredient in the manufacturing of processed foods in South Africa is not available. The iodine content of salt used in the manufacturing of bread, margarine and salty snack flavourants was investigated in a cross-sectional descriptive study. Questionnaire information and salt sampled on 1 day per week for 5 consecutive weeks were obtained from 12 food manufacturers (eight bread and bread premix manufacturers, two margarine manufacturers and two salty snack flavourant manufacturers). The iodine concentration of salt samples was analysed using the potentiometric titration method. Eleven of the 12 manufacturers surveyed reported that they used non-iodised salt. The reported reasons for using non-iodised salt included properties of the final product, health reasons, and financial considerations. However, substantial amounts of iodine were found in the salt of one-third of these manufacturers (n=4), ranging from a mean content of 39-69 ppm. Three of these four particular manufacturers distributed their products countrywide. This information serves as a strong indication that iodised salt does not necessarily cause the adverse affects that food manufacturers fear may affect their products. Although the amounts of iodine in the salt were variable, our results showed that an appreciable percentage of the food companies used iodised salt unknowingly in the manufacturing of frequently consumed processed foods, and this may have a considerable impact on the daily iodine intake of consumers.

Development and validation of a knowledge test for health professionals regarding lifestyle modification

W Talip — Thu, 16 May 2013 22:05:13 PDT

We wanted to develop and validate a test that assesses the knowledge and practices of health professionals (HPs) with regard to the role of nutrition, physical activity, and smoking cessation (lifestyle modification) in chronic diseases of lifestyle. A descriptive cross-sectional validation study was carried out. The validation design consisted of two phases, namely 1) test planning and development and 2) test evaluation. The study sample consisted of five groups of HPs: dietitians, dietetic interns, general practitioners, medical students, and nurses. The overall response rate was 58%, resulting in a sample size of 186 participants. A test was designed to evaluate the knowledge and practices of HPs. The test was first evaluated by an expert group to ensure content, construct, and face validity. Thereafter, the questionnaire was tested on five groups of HPs to test for criterion validity. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's a. An expert panel ensured content, construct, and face validity of the test. Groups with the most training and exposure to nutrition (dietitians and dietetic interns) had the highest group mean score, ranging from 61% to 88%, whereas those with limited nutrition training (general practitioners, medical students, and nurses) had significantly lower scores, ranging from 26% to 80%. This result demonstrated criterion validity. Internal consistency of the overall test demonstrated a Cronbach's a of 0.99. Most HPs identified the mass media as their main source of information on lifestyle modification. These HPs also identified lack of time, lack of patient compliance, and lack of knowledge as barriers that prevent them from providing counseling on lifestyle modification. The results of this study showed that this test instrument identifies groups of health professionals with adequate training (knowledge) in lifestyle modification and those who require further training (knowledge).

Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation

Tracey McHarg — Thu, 16 May 2013 21:35:11 PDT

OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential influence of cranberry juice on urinary biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones, as this product might affect the chemical composition of urine. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Urinary variables were assessed in a randomized cross-over trial in 20 South African men (students) with no previous history of kidney stones. The first group of 10 subjects drank 500 mL of cranberry juice diluted with 1500 mL tap water for 2 weeks, while the second group drank 2000 mL of tap water for the same period. This was followed by a 2-week 'washout' period before the two groups crossed over. During the experimental phase subjects kept a 3-day food diary to assess their dietary and fluid intakes; 24-h urine samples were collected at baseline and on day 14 of the trial periods, and analysed using modern laboratory techniques. Urine analysis data were used to calculate the relative urinary supersaturations of calcium oxalate, uric acid and calcium phosphate. Data were assessed statistically by analysis of variance. RESULTS The ingestion of cranberry juice significantly and uniquely altered three key urinary risk factors. Oxalate and phosphate excretion decreased while citrate excretion increased. In addition, there was a decrease in the relative supersaturation of calcium oxalate, which tended to be significantly lower than that induced by water alone. CONCLUSION Cranberry juice has antilithogenic properties and, as such, deserves consideration as a conservative therapeutic protocol in managing calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

Lowered Plasma Vitamin C, but not Vitamin E, Concentrations in Dementia Patients

Karen E. Charlton — Thu, 16 May 2013 19:20:14 PDT

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer s disease (AD), according to the free radical hypothesis, affects brain regions where free radical damage occurs. Antioxidant nutrients may help to protect these brain regions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether plasma vitamin C and E status is lowered in subjects with AD and dementia. DESIGN: A case control study was conducted in 93 institutionalized subjects aged 65 + yrs. The dementia group (N = 43) included 15 subjects with Alzheimer s Disease (AD) and 28 subjects with senile dementia, while the control group included 50 subjects with no cognitive impairment. Subjects with uncontrolled hypertension and/or diabetes were excluded from the study. Plasma vitamin C and E was determined using the 2,6- dichlorophenolindophenol and the HPLC methods, respectively. Dietary intake, including dietary supplements, was assessed using a 2-day plate-waste method. Cognitive function was measured using the MMSE and nutritional status assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool. RESULTS: The control group had significantly higher scores for the MNA, MMSE and Activities of Daily Living, compared with the dementia group. Controls had a significantly higher plasma vitamin C concentration than dementia patients (median = 0.84 (IQR = 0.54) mg/dl and 0.56 (0.80) mg/dl, respectively; P<0.05). The dementia group were more likely to have sub-optimal plasma vitamin C levels (< 0.6 mg/dl) than control subjects (OR = 2.99; 95 % CI = 0.95 9.79; P<0.05), despite having similar dietary vitamin C intakes. Plasma vitamin C was positively associated with MMSE score (r = 0.21; P<0.05). No difference was found between the groups for either plasma or dietary vitamin E. CONCLUSION: Plasma vitamin C levels were lower in subjects with dementia compared to controls, which was not explained by their dietary vitamin C intakes. This data supports the free radical theory of oxidative neuronal damage. Further investigations of whether supplementation with this vitamin may prevent or delay the progression of cognitive decline in patients with AD and senile dementia appear warranted.

Sources and credibility of nutrition information among black urban South African women, with a focus on messages related to obesity.

Karen E. Charlton — Thu, 16 May 2013 18:50:12 PDT

Objectives: (1) To identify the major sources of nutrition information, and the perceived credibility thereof, among urban black South African women; and (2) to determine the level of knowledge regarding nutrition, particularly regarding the topic of obesity. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study that was both qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (individual questionnaires). Three hundred and ninety-four black women aged 17-49 years were conveniently sampled from the Western Cape and Gauteng provinces in South Africa. Methods: Four focus groups were held with 39 women to identify common themes relating to nutrition knowledge. Based on these data, a questionnaire instrument was developed and administered to 394 women by trained fieldworkers. Results: The most frequently encountered source of nutrition information was the media, particularly the radio and TV (73.4% and 72.1% of subjects, respectively, obtained information from this source in the past year), followed by family/friends (64.6%). Despite only 48.5% of subjects having received nutrition information from a health professional, this was the most highly credible information source. Factors being most influential in choice of foods were taste, preferences of the rest of the family, and price. A lack of knowledge on certain aspects of nutrition was identified, as well as misconceptions regarding diet and obesity. Conclusion: To improve nutrition knowledge and the effectiveness of nutrition education activities in South Africa, it is recommended that health and nutrition educators become more actively involved with the training of health professionals, particularly those engaged in delivery of services at primary care level, and in turn encourage health professionals to engage more with media sources. Nutrition messages delivered from health professionals via the media will enable public exposure to nutrition information which is not only easily accessible but also perceived to be highly credible.

Ascorbic acid losses in vegetables associated with cook-chill food preparation

Karen E. Charlton — Thu, 16 May 2013 18:30:20 PDT

Objective. To assess ascorbic acid (AA) losses in four vegetables (broccoli, peas, cauliflower and cabbage) at each production stage in a cook-chill food service system. Setting. A long-stay psychiatric hospital in Cape Town. Design. Cross-sectional analytical study. On two repeat occasions, three samples of each vegetable were taken at the following stages: (i) delivery (day 1); (ii) after preparation (day 2); (iii) after cooking (day 5); (iv) after blastchilling (day 5); and (v) in the holdroom and after regeneration over a 4-day period (days 6 - 9). AA content of each sample was assessed in duplicate using the 2,6 dichloroindophenol method of titration. Statistical analyses. Differences between the AA concentration of each vegetable at baseline (delivery) and at subsequent stages in food production were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods. Results. The most dramatic AA losses occurred during the cooking stage (mean loss 58%, standard deviation (SD) 19.5%, range 33 - 81%), with broccoli showing the greatest mean loss of 81% (SD 2.9%). During storage in the holdroom from day 6 to day 9, the average daily loss was 4.3% (SD 4.2%). Further average losses of 6.1% (SD 3.6%) were incurred after regeneration on each day. Mean AA losses on day 6 of production and after regeneration (the earliest time a patient would receive the vegetable) were 87% (SD 5.6%). On day 9 after regeneration (the latest time it could be received by a patient) mean losses were 89% (SD 10.5%). Conclusion. Use of a cook-chill food service system needs to be carefully controlled in order to minimise AA losses. In particular, prolonged cooking times should be avoided and vegetables should be immersed into rapidly boiling rather than cold water. A reduction of the number of days in the chilled storage holdroom would not substantially reduce overall AA losses.

Ultrasound bone measurements in pre-adolescent girls: interaction between ethnicity and lifestyle factors

Lisa K. Micklesfield — Thu, 16 May 2013 18:10:13 PDT

Aim: We obtained calcaneal ultrasound measurements in 198 girls between 7.5 and 11.7 y of age, representing ethnic groups (black [n= 80], white [n= 41], mixed ancestral origin [n= 77]) in South Africa. Methods: Anthropometry was assessed. Demographics, physical activity, habitual dietary calcium intake and pubertal development were quantified by questionnaires. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) of the left calcaneus were measured. Girls in Tanner breast stage 5 and/or those menstruating were excluded from analysis. Results: Black girls were lighter than white girls (31.4 ± 7.8 vs 34.8 ± 7.5 kg; p < 0.05), and shorter than girls of mixed ancestral origin (1.29 ± 0.08 vs 1.34 ± 0.07 m; p < 0.001) and white girls (1.35 ± 0.07 m; p < 0.001), after adjusting for age. Reported calcium intake scores were higher in black than white girls (21.6 ± 11.1 vs 16.1 ± 8.4; p < 0.01). Total peak bone strain score (TPBSS) was higher in white compared to black girls (6.8 ± 4.8 vs 5.0 ± 4.7; p < 0.05), while walking energy expenditure (MET h/wk) was higher in black girls compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). BUA and SOS were higher in the black girls (59.6 ± 13.7 dB/MHz; 1575.1 ± 22.6 m/s; p < 0.001) and girls of mixed ancestral origin (59.0 ± 12.5 dB/MHz; 1567.8 ± 26.1 m/s; p < 0.01) than in the white girls (50.4 ± 8.7 dB/MHz; 1552.1 ± 19.5 m/s). Co-varying for age and weight did not affect these results. Walking energy expenditure (r= 0.20) and calcium score (r= 0.17) were correlated (p< 0.05) with SOS for the whole group.

Conclusion: Ultrasound parameters were lower in the white compared to the black girls, who consumed more calcium on average, but who were lighter, shorter and performed less impact activity. This suggests that interactions between ethnicity and lifestyle factors determine bone quality in premenarcheal girls.

Transverse impact resistance of hollow and concrete filled stainless steel columns

Mohammad Yousuf — Thu, 16 May 2013 17:00:18 PDT

Concrete-filled stainless steel tubes can be considered as a new type of composite construction technique. The characteristics of stainless steel are quite different from those of mild steel in terms of strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and maintenance costs. This paper presents the behaviour of hollow and concrete-filled stainless steel tubular columns under static and impact loading. An experimental test series has been carried out at the University of Wollongong and the University of Western Sydney to investigate the performance of stainless steel hollow and concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns under static and impact loads. This paper presents the results of the first test series, where stainless steel was used and no axial load was applied. The effects of a combined axial and transverse impact loads as well as the location of the impact loading have been considered in a subsequent series. Finite element modelling was carried out to predict the behaviour of composite columns under a lateral static or impact load using ABAQUS to simulate the static and impact experiments. The comparison of the experimental results with numerical results is the main objective of this paper. Moreover, the behaviour of hollow tubes under impact loading is compared with that of the in-filled sections. This paper also compared results of hollow and CFST stainless steel columns with those of mild steel columns under both static and impact loading. Generally, the stainless steel specimens showed improved energy-dissipating characteristics compared with their mild steel counterparts, especially when concrete was used to fill the hollow tubes. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Full term, peri-urban South African infants under six months of age are at risk for early-onset anemia.

Lindi Sibeko — Thu, 16 May 2013 17:00:17 PDT

Objective: There is a paucity of data on the micronutrient status of low-income, lactating South African women and their infants under 6 months of age. The aim of this study was to elucidate the level of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in peri-urban breast-feeding women and their young infants.

Design: Cross-sectional study including anthropometric, biochemical and infant feeding data.

Setting: Peri-urban settlement in Cape Town, South Africa.

Subjects: Breast-feeding women (n = 113) and their infants (aged 1–6 months) attending a peri-urban clinic.

Results: Mean (standard deviation (SD)) haemoglobin (Hb) of the lactating mothers was 12.4 (1.3) gdl⁻¹, with 32% found to be anaemic (Hb < 12 g dl⁻¹). Maternal serum retinol was 49.8 (SD 13.3) μg dl⁻¹, with 4.5% VAD. Using breast milk, mean (SD) retinol concentration was found to be 70.6 (24.6) μg dl⁻¹ and 15.7 (8.3) μg/g milk fat, with 13% below the cut-off level of <8μg/g fat. There was no correlation found between breast milk retinol and infant serum retinol. Z-scores (SD) of height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height were –0.69 (0.81), 0.89 (1.01) and 1.78 (0.83), respectively. Mean (SD) infant Hb was 10.9 (1.1) g dl⁻¹, with the prevalence of anaemia being 50%, 33% and 12% using Hb cut-offs below 11 g dl⁻¹, 10.5 g dl⁻¹ and 9.5 g dl⁻¹, respectively. Mean (SD) infant serum retinol was 26.9 (7.2) μg dl⁻¹, with 10% being VAD. None of the infants was exclusively breast-fed, 22% were predominantly breast-fed and 787percnt; received complementary (mixed) breast-feeding. Thirty-two per cent of infants received weaning foods at an exceptionally young age (≤1 month old).

Conclusion: A high rate of anaemia is present in lactating women residing in resource-poor settings. Moreover, their seemingly healthy infants under 6 months of age are at an elevated risk of developing early-onset anaemia and at lower risk of VAD.

Analysing weight loss intervention studies with missing data: which method should be used?

Marijka J. Batterham — Thu, 16 May 2013 16:10:13 PDT

Objective: Missing data due to study dropout is common in weight loss trials and several statistical methods exist to account for it. The aim of this study was to identify methods in the literature and to compare the effects of methods of analysis using simulated data sets. Methods: Literature was obtained for a 1-y period to identify analytical methods used in reporting weight loss trials. A comparison of methods with large or small between-group weight loss, and missing data that was, or was not, missing randomly was conducted in simulated data sets based on previous research. Results: Twenty-seven studies, some with multiple analyses, were retrieved. Complete case analysis (n ¼ 17), last observation carried forward (n ¼ 6), baseline carried forward (n ¼ 4), maximum likelihood (n ¼ 6), and multiple imputation (n ¼ 2) were the common methods of accounting for missing data. When comparing methods on simulated data, all demonstrated a significant effect when the between-group weight loss was large (P < 0.001, interaction term) regardless of whether the data was missing completely at random. When the weight loss interaction was small, the method used for analysis gave considerably different results with mixed models (P ¼ 0.180) and multiple imputations (P ¼ 0.125) closest to the full data model (P ¼ 0.033). Conclusion: The simulation analysis showed that when data were not missing at random, treatment effects were small, and the amount of missing data was substantial, the analysis method had an effect on the significance of the outcome. Careful attention must be paid when analyzing or appraising studies with missing data and small effects to ensure appropriate conclusions are drawn.