2024-03-29T09:45:48Z
http://ro.uow.edu.au/do/oai/
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1000
2009-10-01T02:45:09Z
publication:assh
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Recent urban growth in the Illawarra-South Coast region
Keys, C. L.
Report
1978-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Robinson, R, Recent urban growth in the Illawarra-South Coast region, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.1, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
Patterns of urban growth tell us
much about changing regional fortunes.
In this broadsheet an attempt is made
to draw some inferences about recent
urban population trends in the lllawarra-
South Coast region, an area
which is defined as stretching from
Helensburgh to Narooma and which
contains 13 centres with populations
of more than 1,000 and as many more
with populations numbering in the
hundreds (Figure 1). Urban growth
patterns are examined at the regional
scale and within the major urbanized
area of Wollongong-Shellharbour (population
about 200,000 in 1971).
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1001
2009-10-01T01:37:36Z
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The Illawarra Escarpment
Young, R. W.
Report
1979-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Young, RW, The Illawarra Escarpment, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.2, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
The llIawarra escarpment is one of the most striking features
of the N.S.W. coast, for it runs like a great unbreached wall for some
120km, and dominates the narrow plains below. Vet little hes been
written about it, and some of the brief commentaries that have
appeared are incorrect. This account outlines the major feature.
of the escarpment, its origins, and also the hazards of land slip
encountered on its slopes.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/2
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1012
2009-10-01T01:56:16Z
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The natural vegetation of the Wollongong area
Mills, K.
Report
1983-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Mills, K, The natural vegetation of the Wollongong area, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.13, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
It is commonly accepted, both in popular opinion and in scientific
literature that the Illawarra was once covered in its entirety In
luxuriant rainforest. This view is incorrect, as is clearly evidenced
by the vegetation which remains in the area today, The original
vegetation cover of the Wollongong area consisted of a diverse
mosaic of plant groupings, ranging from wind-swept coastal dune
communities to luxuriant sub-tropical rainforest. This diversity,
which can be seen in terms of both floristic characteristics (plant
species) and structural characterisitcs (growth forms: trees, shrubs,
ferns vines etc. and their spatial arrangement), is dependent on
variations in topography, soil characteristics, rainfall and proximity
to the sea, in addition to more subtle environmental influences.
Changes in one or more of these factors can produce, over a few
metres a complete transformation in the vegetation present. The
key to understanding the distribution of vegetation communities
lies with an appreciation of the environmental conditions under
which these communities developed.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/13
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1009
2009-10-01T01:46:45Z
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Soils of the Illawarra region
Young, R. W.
Report
1982-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Young, RW, Soils of the Illawarra region, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.10, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
Because high rainfalls are experienced over the entire IIIawarra
region soils here are almost invariably acidic (pH 4 - 6), and have
been generally leached of the more mobile elements and compounds.
Notwithstanding these common characteristics, there is a considerable
complexity of soil types and distribution over the region. This
complexity can in part be attributed to variations in the types of
rocks on which the soils have weathered. For instance, the volcanic
rocks break down to clays, but the sandstones undergo little
real chemical alteration. Moreover, even on the sandstones, four or
five types of soil can normally be found. It is certainly easy to
recognise distinctive catenas, in which soils vary systematically with
changes in steepness of slope and freedom of drainage. On the
sandstones, for example, deep Yellow Earths on well-drained sites
generally give way to organically rich soils in swampy locations
further downslope. But not all changes in soil type can be explained
in terms of simple catenary relationships. The occurrence of Ferricretes
(Laterites) on sandstones is a case in point. Indeed, this
example shows that the duration of weathering, changes in the intensity
of weathering caused by climatic change, and local variations
in the mineral composition of the parent material also are factors
which must be considered.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/10
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1003
2009-10-01T01:09:49Z
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Agricultural adjustments in the Illawarra region
Dayal, E.
Report
1980-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Dayal, E, Agricultural adjustments in the Illawarra region, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.4, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
Agriculture in the IIlawarra region is dominated by dairying. The
undulating topography, relatively fertile soils, adequate rainfall for
good pastures, and, proximity to large urban populations of
Wollongong, Shellharbour, Kiama, Moss Vale, Bowral municipalities,
and Sydney metropolitan region, make the lIIawarra almost ideal tor
dairy farming. There are hardly. any viable alternatives to dairying,
which is an old established industry, In the region. The first dairy
farms were established around 1828. By 1880 dairying was well
established, with butter and condensed milk factories at several
locations, and a substantial surplus of milk and butter for the Sydney
market. The first successful shipment of whole milk to Sydney was
made in 1886 by boat, in cans packed in ice The Jamberoo Central
Dairy was established in 1888 to which milk was supplied from
several isolated farms on the surrounding hills by packhorse and
wagon. The lIIawarra has always been a region of small family
operated farms and today more than 80 percent of the farms are
owner-operated family farms. Indeed about 60 percent of the farms in
the region have been operated by the same families for more than 50
years. At present the average size of holding is 127 hectares, with an
average herd size of 62.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1007
2009-10-01T01:36:23Z
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Recent evidence of changing settlement patterns in New South Wales
Keys, C. L.
Report
1982-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Keys, CL, Recent evidence of changing settlement patterns in New South Wales, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.8, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
New South Wales, like the other mainland states of Australia,
has traditionally been associated with a condition of metropolitan
primacy (Rose. 1966). Moreover. the degree to which Sydney and
the other capital cities have dominated the populations of their
respective states has increased almost without interruption since
the latter part of the nineteenth century, leading to the situation
of the early 1970s in which three out of every five people in mainland
Australia resided in a state capital. Outside these primate
cities some urban centres have experienced short periods of explosive
growth. but for most the rule has been either stagnation or
slow growth. Rural Australia, meanwhile, has seen its proportion
of the national population fall considerably. In 1921 more than
a third of the nation's people lived outside the urban centres;
fifty years later this proportion had declined to less than one
seventh.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/8
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1005
2009-10-01T01:39:25Z
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The industrial structure of the urban Illawarra
Wilson, M. G.
Report
1981-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Wilson, MGA, The industrail structure of the urban Illawarra, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.6, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
That the industrial structure of the Illawarra region is dominated
by and heavily dependent on its heavy metallurgy complex hardly
requires demonstration. As Robinson (1977) has shown, for example,
six major enterprises, Austral ian Iron and Steel (A.I.S.l, Lysaghts,
Tube Makers, Commonwealth Steel, Electrolytic Refining and
Smelting (E.R. & S.) and Metal Manufacturers (M .M.), employ
between them more than 75% of the region's manufacturing workforce
and more than one third of the region 's total (male and female)
employed workforce in 1976-77. As can be seen from Table 1,
however, the range of industrial activity carried out in the region's
factories and workshops is very much wider than basic metallurgy.
At the level of the individual plant, for instance, a quite bewildering
array of products is manufactured, ranging from foundation
garments to fibreglass pools and surfboards, from plastic bags to
pelmets and pyjamas, from low loaders to lemonade, from hats to
home cleansing preparations and horsecovers and from textiles to
railway waggons. Nor are all these other activities necessarily small
in scale nor oriented simply to meeting the needs of a local market
though many, of course, are both.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1015
2013-08-27T00:59:31Z
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The Southern Ocsillation and climatic effects in Australia
Bryant, Edward A
Report
1985-01-01T08:00:00Z
<p>This report was originally published as Bryant, EA, The Southern Oscillation and climatic effects in Australia, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.16, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.</p>
<p>The Earth's general atmospheric circulation in the tropics and subtropics is simply described. Intense heating by the sun at the equator causes air to rise and spread out polewards in the upper troposphere. As this air moves toward the poles it cools and begins to descend back to the Earth's surface at 200 -300 north and south of the equator. Upon reaching the Earth's surface this air either returns to the equator or moves polewards. Where air rises in this circulation, low air pressure forms and there is intense instability and condensation of moisture with subsequent heavy rainfall. Where air descends, high air pressure forms with intense evaporation, clear skies and stability. This tropical circulation of air is termed the Hadley cell and the high pressure that forms encircles the globe coincident with the great sub-tropical deserts. Australian climate is dominated by this circulation cell and the deserts that form as a consequence. The Hadley cells migrate annually with the apparent movement of the su n north and south of the equator.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/16
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1014
2009-10-01T02:45:40Z
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Problems in the urban environment: pollution in the Wollongong-Shellharbour area
Young, A. R.
Report
1984-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Young, ARM, Problems in the urban environment: pollution in the Wollongong-Shellharbour area, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.15, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
Pollution is usually perceived to be man-made, but in fact the
atmosphere and waters of the earth can also be contaminated as a
result of natural events. Volcanoes can emit huge clouds of gases
and ash, and flooded rivers typically carry high loads of silt and
organic debris. Nor is such naturally-occurring pollution always
associated with extreme events (which happen rarely but cause major
impacts) such as volcanic eruptions. For example, soils developed
where gossan (the oxidized crust on an ore body) outcrops at the
ground surface may contain very high levels of the metals found in
the are itself - levels that would be labelled highly contaminated
if they occurred in waste deposits from a mining operation. Nevertheless,
it is obvious that urbanisation and industrialisation increasingly
produce a range and quantity of contaminants which the natural
environment cannot absorb without being degraded and which can
have deleterious effects on human beings. Because the problem has
seemed to be so serious, most countries have legislation and controlling
authorities designed to minimise pollution and its impacts.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/15
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1011
2009-10-01T01:53:03Z
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Precipitation regimes of the Illawarra coast and adjacent highlands
Cox, P. F.
Report
1983-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Cox, PF, Precipitation regimes of the Illawarra and adjacent highlands, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.12, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
The South Coast and Highlands area of the
IIlawarra has a temperate marine climate
which fits within Koppen's classification of
climatic regimes as the type Cfb. As far as
precipitation is concerned, Koppen's f
modifier denotes a region with a moist
climate and no dry season; that is, rainfall is
well distributed across the seasons of the
year. While these characteristics apply to the
IIlawarra region as a whole (and in fact to
most of south-eastern New South Wales and
eastern Victoria), there are important
variations in precipitation within the region,
and in addition there are quite marked
variations in precipitation on a year-by-year
basis. This paper examines the factors
which produce these variations in space and
time.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/12
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1002
2009-10-01T01:38:06Z
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Rainforests of the Illawarra
Bywater, J.
Report
1979-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Bywater, J, Rainforests of the Illawarra, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.3, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
Subtropical rainforest is the most restricted and complex forest
ecosystem in the Illawarra. These forest communities support a
specialised endemic or native flora which contains many plant
species at the southern limit of their range. Although no longer
of commercial value as a timber source the local rainforests are of
immense recreational, educational, and scientific value in a district
where most of the natural forest has been replaced by agricultural,
urban and industrial development.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/3
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1004
2013-08-27T00:57:07Z
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Beaches of the Illawarra
Bryant, Edward A
Report
1981-01-01T08:00:00Z
<p>This report was originally published as Bryant, RW, Beaches of the Illawarra, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.5, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.</p>
<p>The beaches of the lIIawarra between Stanwell Park and Werri fit within a general dynamic classification characterizing most beaches of the world. At the one end of this classification lies the reflective beach which is devoid of inshore topography, mainly sheltered and temporally stable. At the other end lies the dissipative beach which is characterized by a barred surf zone, situated on exposed coastline and susceptible to rapid change. Because of structural control on the geology of the lIIawarra coastline some of the beaches are often directed. or even forced, into morphology which may at first appear abnormal for the setting of that beach. Additionally man is interfering in places with the coastal environment to the extent that some beaches may be irreversibly locked into an erosional cycle.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/5
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1006
2014-04-29T01:18:46Z
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Stream channels of the Illawarra
Nanson, Gerald C
Report
1981-01-01T08:00:00Z
<p>This report was originally published as Nanson, GC, Stream channels of the Illawarra, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.7, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.</p>
<p>Streams that flow from the IIlawarra escarpment are mostly small and may not flow all year, but because of regional topography, climate, and their rather unusual geomorphology, they are capable of flooding in a manner unrepresentative of their small size (Neller, 1980). This problem of flooding is made all the more important because of the extent of agricultural and residential development on the region's floodplains (Fig. 1).</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/7
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1008
2009-10-01T01:35:45Z
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A dissection of settlement change in New South Wales: cases and implications
Keys, C. L.
Report
1982-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Keys, CL, A dissection of settlement change in New South Wales: cases and implications, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.9, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
The previous paper in this series identified the emergence of an
apparently new pattern of settlement in New South Wales. A drift
of population away from the major urban areas of the central
coast during the nineteen-seventies contributed to a renewal of population
growth in several parts of the state which had experienced
long periods of relative stagnation and decline, and to a dramatic
fall-off in the growth rates of the big cities. The present paper
examines this trend in more detail, focussing in particular on those
non-metropolitan areas which have experienced either a turnaround
from decline to growth in recent years or an acceleration of their
rates of growth (Figure 1I. Three sets of issues are addressed. First,
an attempt is made to assess the extent of "demographic revival"
outside the metropolitan core. Second, the various new settlement
forms are described and attributed to the particular groups of people
whose activities have created them, and, finally, an examination is
made of the implications for society of the new forms of development
described.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/9
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1010
2013-08-27T00:57:36Z
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Local climate processes in the Illawarra
Bryant, Edward A
Report
1982-01-01T08:00:00Z
<p>This report was originally published as Bryant, EA, Local climatic processes in the Illawarra region, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.11, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.</p>
<p>the climate of the Illawarra apart from that found in Sydney or on the far south coast. Global air circulation Is generated by the necessity to balance the heat surplus at the equator with the deficit at the poles caused by the differential heating effect of the sun with latitude. Superimposed on this general circulation are secondary circulation effects such as high and low pressure cells, cyclones, and fronts. These effects are generated by regional heating or cooling effects over land and water and are controlled in position seasonally by the apparent migration of the sun. On a local scale, air circulation patterns can be generated by differential heating and cooling caused by topographic effects such as mountains, valleys, landsea boundaries and the works of man. Local climatic processes in the lIIawarra can be discussed under 5 headings as follows: 1. Sea breezes 2. Gravity or katabatic winds 3. Slope or anabatic winds 4. Foehn winds 5. Industrialization effects</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/11
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:wollgeo-1013
2009-10-01T02:01:10Z
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Problems in the urban environment: traffic congestion and its effects
Robinson, R.
Report
1984-01-01T08:00:00Z
This report was originally published as Robinson, R, Problems in the urban environment: traffic congestion and its effects, Wollongong Studies in Geography No.14, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1980, 4p.
Traffic congestion results when there are too many vehicles for the available road space. It may occur on almost any road system
but, in general, it Is likely to be experienced with great severity in and around the major employment nodes such" the central business district (Figure 1) during the morning and afternoon peek.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/wollgeo/14