2024-03-28T11:00:07Z
http://ro.uow.edu.au/do/oai/
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1001
2008-12-03T02:57:42Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
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Turning the inverted pyramid upside down: how Australian print media is learning to love the narrative
Johnston, J.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Print journalism has long embraced the inverted pyramid, that writing style which emerged in the
latter part of the 19th century. While still a popular option, other styles are moving in to share the
space at the front of the daily newspaper. This paper will present the findings of a pilot study of
narrative writing in two Australian daily papers. Over a period of one month during April-May
2007, the style of news in the front pages of The Australian and The Sydney Morning Herald was
analysed to determine how much were written in the inverted pyramid and how much were in
narrative format or a mix of styles. The research also examines The Australian’s ‘Inside Story’ a
regular feature which includes elements of literary journalism, bringing together a strong narrative
style with a serious investigation in the news pages of the weekend, and occasionally weekday,
paper. This analysis features insights from the writers, editors and creators of ‘Inside Story’,
which has been running for almost a decade. Finally, the paper provides a brief overview of some
undergraduate journalism and media text books in Australia to determine the dominant paradigms in
university journalism curriculum and how these might have changed in recent years. It suggests why
narrative news might be a popular option for the future as newspapers are repositioned within the
expanding sea of media options.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/2
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1000
2013-11-08T04:43:09Z
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Editor's Note: Journalism and world making moments
O'Donnell, Marcus
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>In my original call for papers for this special issue on Narrative Journalism I suggested: “Today’s newspapers and magazines present an array of different news and feature styles that have taken journalism away from the traditional inverted pyramid approach that is still the mainstay of most journalism courses”.<br /> This prompted one spirited email exchange with an academic who took umbrage at what she regarded as the untested assumptions in that statement. “How do you know this?” she asked. “I hope proposals tackle your assumptions as well as your topic!”<br /> Thirty-five years after Tom Woolfe’s “New Journalism” manifesto, the idea that there might be something new happening in journalism, or that perhaps our approach to journalism education may not be new enough, still has the power to rankle.<br /> Certainly a number of the papers gathered here provide a context for that original statement and begin to provide some research data that helps to clarify the extent of the “narrative turn” in journalism and journalism education.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1002
2008-12-03T02:26:26Z
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Uncovering the place of creative non-fiction in Australian journalism departments
Blair, M.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This article reviews the results of a census of Australian tertiary journalism programs that sought
to gauge opinions about creative non-fiction and its value within a journalism department. The
census revealed the academy’s support for creative non-fiction as a way to encourage innovations
in print media, improve graduates’ employability and the quality of journalism. The survey also
exposed a number of concerns about creative non-fiction’s inclusion in journalism education. These
included creative non-fiction’s use in industry, restraints on resources, and problems with students’
capabilities.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/3
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1007
2008-12-03T02:55:51Z
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Awakening a social conscience: the study of novels in journalism education
Whitt, J.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This study deals with the nonfiction novel in journalism ethics, literary journalism, media studies,
newsgathering, and reporting and writing classes. We are often confronted with the mistaken
notion that the novel is for entertainment while news stories are to provide information and to
encourage effective civic engagement. For some journalism educators and for many in the reading
public, reading fiction is something one does on airplanes; reading nonfiction, on the other hand,
impacts political and social discourse. The borderland between literary and journalistic study is a
problematic one, with some professors in English contending that journalism is hack writing and
some professors of journalism contending that writing fiction is a harmless diversion if one has
the time and the financial means to pursue it. Since Tom Wolfe wrote his landmark book The New
Journalism and since nonfiction overtook fiction as the most popular literary form in America,
the controversies around literary journalism have intensified. When I teach a nonfiction novel--
from Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood to John Steinbeck’s Travels with Charley to John Berendt’s
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil to Sara Davidson’s Loose Change to Jon Krakauer’s Into
the Wild to Susan Orlean’s The Orchid Thief--definitions of literature and journalism are called
into question. These questions are not optional: In a literature or creative writing class, the answers
would be thought-provoking, indeed. But in a journalism class, the answers determine the very ways
in which future journalists are taught to gather, filter, interpret, and disseminate information about
daily events and the people who drive those events.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/8
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1011
2008-12-09T00:10:59Z
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Creativity on command
Hamilton, N. M.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
In the ongoing debate between nature and nurture, between biological determinism
and behaviourism, behaviourists maintain that an individual has little control over
inspiration and creativity and is a mere helpless recipient, waiting to be shaped and
filled by positive or negative socialization. Contemporary social psychologists, on the
other hand, build on genetic influences and tell us that a person’s social environment
can activate potential. Since family socialization is critical to development of the
child’s core identity, we seem to be condemning a person who fails to receive
adequate love and nurturing. The truth lies somewhere in between. However, if we
define “creativity” as the ability of a writer-reporter to uniquely configure a person
or situation so that elements of the seemingly insignificant stand for the whole, then
perhaps creativity can be cultivated by careful, thoughtful instruction and willing
self-discipline.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/12
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1009
2008-12-03T02:48:05Z
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Teaching narrative journalism and the APN Professional Development Program
Little, J.
Sankey, M.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper extends the familiar concept of ‘journalism-as-storytelling’ into a description of some
of its practical applications in a university and industry partnership resulting in a commercial
training arrangement in early 2007. It describes the APN/USQ Professional Development Program
for newspaper employees (with no formal journalism qualification) and exemplifies how print
journalism courses may be adapted to teach narrative writing techniques. It demonstrates how
foundation skills in journalistic practice may be incorporated into an adapted teaching model,
suggesting that “the basics” of narrative writing should not be thought of as discrete components of
journalism education. This argument is further supported by the description of a robust pedagogical
approach informed by Mezirows’ transformative learning theory for a cross-disciplinary knowledge
base.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/10
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1004
2008-12-03T02:28:58Z
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“An example to the rest of your scribbling crew”: The influential literary techniques of the Eighteenth-century journalist Daniel Defoe
Hannis, G.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Daniel Defoe is regarded today as a literary genius who played a crucial role in the invention of
the English novel and created the world-famous character Robinson Crusoe. It is less well known
that Defoe was also an enthusiastic and influential pioneering journalist. This paper critically
assesses the literary techniques Defoe used in his great work of journalism, the Review (1704-
1713). Defoe advised his readers how to write clearly and persuasively, and his advice is considered
here, illustrated by examples from the Review. Whereas some of the examples clearly exemplify
his advice, others show he did not always follow his own exhortations. In particular, although
he emphasised the need to write truthful reports, he frequently included fiction in his journalism.
Defoe’s techniques included the use of stories, dialogue and bombast - techniques that survive in
modern journalism.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/5
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1013
2008-12-09T18:11:50Z
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Trans-Chinese imagination: film and cross-Strait perception as a historical case study for contextual journalism education
Berggreen, S. C.
Peaslee, R. M.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
It is a truism that film, like many other visual media, can stimulate and assist the social imagination
of their viewing audiences. At the same time, it can also be an implement in the toolbox of the
cultural journalist. Through textual analysis of Ermo (1994, People’s Republic of China) and Eat,
Drink, Man, Woman (1994, Taiwan, Republic of China), we explore how these two films project the
concepts of modernity, gender relation and, most of all, the virtues and inflictions of being Chinese.
A joint Trans-Chinese imagination emerges through these two separate films, despite the reported
political and ideological differences in these two societies. As Taiwan and the mainland China (and
other similar geopolitical situations around the globe) continue to negotiate their political future, we
use this historical case-study to propose a cross-disciplined, contextual journalism education which
includes popular culture, in this case film, as a tool for media pedagogy.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/14
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1015
2008-12-03T03:19:56Z
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Public journalism: an agenda for future research
Haas, T.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This article summarizes the empirical research literature on public journalism as a means to
articulate a broad agenda for future research. After a brief overview of the theory and practice of
public journalism, it proceeds to outline potentially fruitful areas of inquiry relating to three of the
most significant research foci: (1) journalists’ attitudes toward public journalism; (2) differences
between public journalism-inspired and conventional, journalistic newswork practices; and (3)
public journalism’s wider impact. Following this discussion, pedagogical implications of some of
the issues raised are examined. The article concludes by considering the most important questions
that future research on public journalism ought to address.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/16
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1003
2008-12-09T03:07:35Z
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Rolling Stone's coverage of the 1972 U.S. presidential election: A case study of narrative political journalism
Dunn, S.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper examines Rolling Stone magazine’s first extensive foray into political journalism during
the presidential race between George McGovern and Richard Nixon. It examines the ways in which
the magazine’s reporters, especially Hunter S. Thompson and Timothy Crouse, used the techniques
of narrative journalism to perform the relatively traditional journalistic task of covering an election.
The Rolling Stone reporters’ portrayals of their contemporaries in the mainstream press receive
particular attention. This reportage represents one of the earliest and most comprehensive uses of the
narrative approach to political journalism. It also represents an early example of “meta-coverage,”
identified by several scholars as the current tendency of media to focus coverage of politics on
themselves and other media rather than on the campaign itself.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1005
2008-12-03T02:37:51Z
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A metaphor for the world: William Langewiesche, John Vaillant and looking for the story in long-form
Reynolds, B.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This is a study of two writers and their methods, with a discussion of what makes their superior
magazine features so compelling. In long-form narrative, the story is never simply about the
story—it is a metaphor for something much larger. The three-part series, “Unbuilding the World
Trade Center” (2002 The Atlantic Monthly), is straightforward. In the aftermath of the 2001 terrorist
attacks on Manhattan, a group of men remove debris from the former World Trade Center site.
But it is really about how a democratic society forms out of the ruins, with Langewiesche’s story
mirroring America’s shifting global stature. John Vaillant’s The Golden Spruce (2005) is a profile
of an eco-radical who cut down a one-in-a-billion giant Sitka spruce to protest against a logging
company’s clear-cut practices in British Columbia. Yet it is really a story about how, when it comes
to humanity’s relationship with the planet, we cannot see the forest for the trees. For authors of longform,
discovering what the story is really about is the key to compelling long-form narratives.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1006
2008-12-03T02:39:41Z
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Plunging into the underground: poverty and violent crime in contemporary Brazil
Fontana, M.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Exhaustive news coverage of violence and organized crime in Brazil, usually sensationalist in nature
and designed for immediate impact, have contributed to banalizing the issue and stifling more in-depth
reflection. However, the voices that are silenced by the mass media, find an outlet in another
kind of journalism that aims to plunge into the reality of contemporary Brazil. Literary journalism
has investigated this realm in minute detail, setting events in their proper context and revealing the
everyday life of people who are directly affected by violent crime a
world that is familiar to few
outside the Brazilian slums. This article looks at the work of Brazilian journalist Caco Barcellos and
analyses the literary techniques and procedures he employs in his book Abusado. The analysis of
this book seeks to reveal another perspective on the issue of violent crime, which differentiates itself
from the stigmatising view of poor people and slum-dwellers presented by the police, the State and
the Brazilian elite.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/7
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1008
2008-12-03T02:44:29Z
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More than a magazine, more than people: Esquire and the publishing conditions of literary journalism in the 1960s
Zinke, A.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Typically, research and writing on literary journalism center either on anecdotes and memoirs of
individual authors and their writings or on the attempt to write a comprehensive history or theory
of the form. Both have their shortcomings for approaching the field. The method of analyzing
Esquire as a platform for literary journalism proposed by this article presents a combination of both
approaches based on Alberto Melucci’s network theory. Based on the understanding of the 1960’s
literary journalism as a movement, Melucci’s approach provides the groundwork for analyzing the
networks of writers and editors in their respective “field of opportunities and constraints” (1989:
26). This helps scholars investigate the comprehensive conditions out of which narrative forms
develop but also benefits students and authors in providing a realistic understanding of publishing
circumstances for their own work.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/9
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1010
2010-04-12T03:23:29Z
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publication:assh
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Retelling untellable stories - ethics and the literary journalist
Joseph, S.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<b>Article unavailable.</b>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/11
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1012
2008-12-09T00:11:23Z
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The aerobic art of interviewing
McHugh, S. A.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Michelangelo believed that a piece of marble already contained a work of art – his
role was to liberate what was inherent. But the majesty, grace and beauty he saw
in the stone that became David remained invisible to sculptors who had previously
tackled it. In a similar way, the interview can be all or nothing to writers, journalists
and oral historians. A person sits across a table, with stories to tell, ideas to impart,
facts to confirm or deny, perhaps a lifetime of emotions to convey – but our ability
to perceive who is before us, and to engage with what we are hearing, will critically
affect what ensues
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/13
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1014
2008-12-09T03:04:12Z
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After the Tulip Revolution: journalism education in Kyrgyzstan
Freedman, E.
2007-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Kyrgyzstan’s Tulip Revolution of March 2005 was expected to spur democratization. Many
journalists and media experts hoped the change in regimes would lead to improvements in a
university-level journalism education system that still closely followed the Soviet model of teaching
and emphasized theory rather than development of practical skills and adherence to internationally
accepted professional standards. A year and a half later, however, little change was evident at
universities in the national or regional capitals, raising questions about prospects for rapid change in
journalism education following other revolutionary changes in regime in post-communist countries
with no free press tradition.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/15
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1019
2008-12-04T23:49:24Z
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An independent student press: Three case studies for Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Aotearoa/New Zealand
Robie, D.
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
In spite of a relatively small but vibrant news media base, two South Pacific countries
have been regional leaders in convergent publishing with both newspapers and online
media as educational outcomes for student journalists. Universities in Fiji and Papua
New Guinea have pioneered with various versions of an entrepreneurial and socially
activist student press for three decades, including titles such as Uni Tavur (founded
in 1975), Wansolwara (1996) and Liklik Diwai (1998). All three papers have strongly
identified with a national development role. In 2003, Aotearoa/New Zealand’s AUT
University began publishing Te Waha Nui as a regular professional course publishing
venture. It quickly established a niche with indigenous and diversity affairs coverage
as an important strength. Using a problem-based learning (PBL) context, this article
compares and contrasts the pedagogical challenges faced in all three countries in
Oceania and outlines a media educational case for independent journalism school
publishing.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1023
2008-12-05T00:01:20Z
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"Cue journalism": Media should stop playing Follow-the-leader
Anuar, M. K.
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The mainstream media in Malaysia, as in most countries, are expected to break news
to the public while an important event unfolds, or at the latest, shortly after it occurs.
They are also supposed to be in the forefront, probing and pushing vital issues to
centre-stage.
That’s why under normal circumstances we would expect the media to analyse, for
example, the implications of new legislation or amendments to existing laws or the
impact of a technological or medical breakthrough. The media are also expected to
provide a platform for intelligent debate among interested parties on a controversy or
policy matters that are of public concern.
In times of uncertainty or adversity, the role of the media to inform and enlighten the
citizenry becomes all the more crucial. They should, for instance, alert if there is an
outbreak of a contagious disease so that people can take steps to protect themselves.
The media can also help curb rumours and speculations by giving as accurate a report
as possible with balanced commentaries, especially when it comes to reporting on
communal issues. This can help to cool down escalating tension and unnecessary
suspicion among the various communities.
These were indeed important roles that the Malaysian mainstream media had been
playing to some degree. The media, however, seemed to have lost vigour and
spontaneity in reporting and analysing important issues over the last few years,
particularly since the days of Reformasi movement in 1998. The mainstream media
appeared to have taken its “cue” from the powers-that-be before reporting on a
particular issue or event.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/8
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1022
2008-12-04T23:57:58Z
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Managing news in a managed media: Mediating the message in Malaysiakini.com
Pang, A.
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Widely regarded as an anomaly in the neo-authoritarian system in Malaysia,
Malaysiakini.com is proving that managing an independent media in a government-managed
media landscape is more than a Sisyphean struggle. Employing participant
observation and interviews, supplemented by artifacts and media accounts, this
study seeks to understand the media management of Malaysiakini.com through
news management, using Shoemaker and Reese’s (1996) hierarchy of influence
model, which posits a framework of internal and external forces that affect news
management. The study found determined attempts to minimize ideological
influences through media socialization by accentuating on the direct influences,
such as the journalists’ role in shaping content, establishing structured routines
to contain possible governmental and legal backlash, and aligning organizational
sustainability to editorial prerogatives. The greatest impediment to its ability to
maintaining its editorial independence, however, stem from the limitations exerted
by extramedia forces, such as lack of press accreditation, legal constraints, and
inter-media rivalry, that collectively act as a surrogate ideology. More than just
learning about Malaysiakini.com, this study provides a critical platform to explicate
media management issues that alternative media face working in restrictive media
environments, with the potential of developing a counter-model of how they can be
managed.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/7
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1016
2008-12-04T23:33:06Z
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Editor's Note: Contextualising the teaching of journalism
Loo, Eric
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Three years ago in Toronto at the AEJMC pre-convention workshop I met with a
group of journalism educators. We explored how we could better contextualise the
delivery of journalism programmes to stay in tune with an internet-wired world.
One of the imperatives we noted was to expose journalism students to learning
opportunities where they could look at issues and affairs beyond the boundaries of
their immediate community; and to develop in students the journalistic aptitude for
interpreting and contextualising issues from a cross-cultural, ‘global’ perspective.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1017
2008-12-04T23:37:30Z
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Beyond the 5Ws + H: What social science can bring to J-education
Boey, K.C.
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
THE pen is mightier than the sword. This axiom of journalism is at no time more
apposite than in this terror-ridden post-9/11 world. Increasingly, nation-states and
activist bloggers are realising that the power of the media and those who control it set
the agenda for world politics and governance. Yet journalism educators reflexively
trust this maxim among their charges to received wisdom. Or pedantically go on
presuming this aphorism to be ingrained in them by the time they finish high school
media studies. In this, educators sell short students – and fall short of their larger
responsibility to our broken world – neglecting the development of future journalists
in a critical area of their calling.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/2
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1018
2013-11-08T04:44:16Z
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Blogging as pedagogic practice: artefact and ecology
O'Donnell, Marcus
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Much of the published discussion and research on blogs and teaching and learning in higher education focuses on evaluation of blogging as a communicative technique. This type of discussion largely assumes that successful integration of blogging into course delivery should be judged against a pre-existing and unchallenged pedagogical model. This paper argues that to leverage its full educational potential blogging must be understood not just as an isolated phenomena, but as part of a broad palette of cybercultural practices which provide us with new ways of doing and thinking. The paper looks at the ways broader theoretical models associated with the development of the blogosphere might challenge or enhance current theories of teaching and learning. Spatial metaphors inherent in network models of blogging will be contrasted with the surface/depth model of student learning. The paper will argue that blogs should not be seen merely as a technological tool for teaching and learning but as a situated practice that must be brought into appropriate alignment with particular pedagogical and disciplinary practices. A model of blogging as a networked approach to learning suggests that blogging might achieve best results across the curriculum not through isolated use in individual units.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/3
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1020
2008-12-04T23:52:30Z
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The status and relevance of Vietnamese journalism education: An empirical analysis
Nguyen, A.
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Based primarily on data from indepth interviews with senior journalists and
journalism educators as well as a content analysis of journalism curricula, this
paper sets out to provide an overview of the demand, overall provision structure,
teaching materials and methods of Vietnamese journalism education. It first shows
that with a fast expansion in both size and substance, the Vietnamese media system
is beginning to feel the urgent need for formal journalism education. However, the
country’s major journalism programs have been criticised for producing hundreds of
unqualified journalism graduates a year. In general, the most deplorable aspects of
Vietnamese journalism education include its body of outdated and awkward teaching
material, its undue focus on theories and politics at the expense of practical training,
its lack of qualified teaching staff and its inadequate teaching resources.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/5
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1021
2008-12-04T23:54:36Z
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Intersections of community and journalism in Australia and Singapore
Bowd, K.
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The notion of “community” is a contested one, but one which is widely used across
a range of fields and applications. For example, understandings of community in a
country such as Singapore differ significantly from interpretations of community
in a country such as Australia. In Singapore, notions of community are strongly
influenced by language and cultural background, while in Australia, geography and
distance are often key factors. Journalists’ relationships with the communities for
whom and about whom they write are complicated by this imprecision and by the
range of contexts and environments to which the term can be applied. However,
while social, cultural and political differences between countries and media systems
make it difficult to generalise about media-audience relationships, there may be
areas of intersection. For example, there is a strong focus on community-based news
in both Singaporean newspapers and Australian regional newspapers, as well as on
community advocacy, community-building and positive reinforcement of community
values. This paper argues that this represents a strengthening of the notion of the
“local” in the face of widespread globalisation. The reclaiming of the local has
implications for the future direction of journalism and the structures within which
journalism is practised.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1024
2008-12-05T00:35:26Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Profile interview: Keeping emotions intact in war reporting: Shahanaaz Habib
Loo, Eric
2006-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Interview with Shahanaaz Habib.
News Editor, The Star, Malaysia.
Author of Between Blood & Bombs, Times Publishing, Malaysia 2005.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss17/9
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1033
2008-12-09T00:47:39Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Journalism, national development and social justice in Malaysia
Anuar, M. K.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
A factor built into the journalistic fraternity is the hierarchical nature of
Malaysian society where there is so much respect and deference given to
political leaders by Malaysians, particularly journalists, that they inadvertently abandon
the responsibility of asking the hard questions for the benefit of their readers. This
explains why veteran journalists were ‘takut-takut’ (‘afraid’ in the Malay language) to
ask questions when they faced the former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed. It is
therefore not an exaggeration to suggest that at times media conferences organized by
the former prime minister and other cabinet ministers were often transformed into a
ministerial lecture with very few searching questions, if at all.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/9
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1035
2008-12-09T00:57:42Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Investigating the hypothetical: Building journalism skills via online challenges
Tanner, S.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Journalism academics are constantly looking for ways to improve their teaching
practices. Foremost is the need to ensure students are equipped with the skills to help
them shift seamlessly from classroom to newsroom. These skills are relatively easy
to identify – for instance, produce and research story ideas, interrogate complex
research material, and then present it in a way that can be understood by an identified
audience. This paper focuses on an experimental online hypothetical news scenario
in helping students develop these required skills to identify and research complex
stories - often described as ‘investigative pieces’ - irrespective of the medium through
which they are presented.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/11
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1025
2008-12-08T22:19:58Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
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Editorial: In this issue
Loo, Eric
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This 16th issue of APME eschews any claim on the superiority of each value system over
another. The refereed papers and commentaries are generally premised on the notion that
journalism’s textual production process is understandably influenced by the practitioners’
cultural and professional value system. Without making any explicitly absolutist claim,
the authors attempt to show that answers to value-laden questions are equally multicoloured.
To date, systematic studies scarcely address the nexus between ethno-cultural
value systems and media professional practice. I hope readers of APME would consider
the papers and commentaries in this issue as a conversation starter in both the newsroom
and classroom.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1031
2008-12-09T00:31:43Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Journalism values in the Philippine media
Hofileña, C. F.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The Philippine media thrive on conflict. Headlines of national broadsheets
stoke the flames of cynicism, resentment and anger toward the Arroyo
administration which has been judged by “militant” media to have lost credibility and
legitimacy to rule. At the same time, opposition leaders who are no more credible
than administration officials are equally criticized if not on the front pages, in the
opinion pages. The possible consequences of carrying stories that could undermine
investor confidence or encourage political destabilization efforts are among the least of
concerns of the local media.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/7
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1029
2008-12-09T00:07:24Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
East meets west: Refocusing communication and journalism education
Herbert, J.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Writing, reporting, interviewing and editing remain the pillars of any journalism
programme. The problem is what journalism educators put around these pillars,
how they are made internationally relevant and given an intellectual foundation.
The difficulty with journalism today is that it’s at the bottom of the pile in terms of
what readers and viewers think of its trustworthiness. Something has to be done to
redeem its credibility and social responsibility. John Herbert refers to a new book The
Dao of the Press (Gunaratne, Shelton, 2005) in proposing an approach to journalism
education that may reclaim the profession’s credibility.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/5
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1026
2008-12-08T23:03:12Z
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publication:assh
publication:apme
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publication:document_types
Japanese Kisha clubs and the Canberra Press Gallery: Siblings or strangers
O'Dwyer, J.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The press gallery system that developed in the British parliament in the 18th and
19th centuries has become the basis upon which the political media systems have
developed in Australia and Japan. Despite cultural differences, the formal and
informal mechanisms by which the galleries operate are similar, as are the criticisms
and controversies that arise. The Japanese kisha (press) club system is not a unique
aberration, but rather a more extreme version of the Australian, British and United
States’ press club systems. This paper argues that, at its core, the Japanese kisha club
system operates formally and informally in a similar manner to the Australian and
British press club systems, but a combination of cultural characteristics and 50 years
of almost uninterrupted rule by one political party have resulted in it developing
some unique, and from a liberal perspective, concerning traits.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/2
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1027
2008-12-08T23:16:07Z
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publication:assh
publication:apme
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Fish nor fowl: Kisha clubs and Japanese journalism
Seward, R.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
If you think about it, most news is quite location-bound, too. While news can
take place anywhere, recurring news, the largest category of all news types,
mostly happens in predictable hot spots. In Japan, those hot spots for news are the 800-
plus locations where kisha clubs just happen to be located and where the clubs exert
enormous
turf control. The issue is not whether there is or isn’t a kisha club, the issue
is who controls the turf. That’s what makes membership so critical
and the clubs so
powerful.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/3
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1028
2008-12-08T23:18:10Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Of good and geese and ganders
Morgan, F.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Goodness, beauty and truth might be universally valued and valuable but they
are neither constant over time nor uniform across the globe. Goodness and
truth, like beauty, are in the eyes of beholders. Absolutes are hard to find. Plurality
prevails. All of which makes the issue of values difficult for media practitioners,
including journalists, and media educators, including academics. All generally eschew
the “whatever it takes” answer to questions of scruple, whatever they might actually
do. They wish to know – and to do – what is legal, what is moral and what is ethical,
albeit that those things elude definition, uniformity and universal standardisation.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1030
2008-12-09T00:27:06Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
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publication:document_types
Asian journalists seek values worth preserving
Masterton, M.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Serious discussion about our journalism values and how well our journalists
and media outlets abide by them is all too rare. The same was true in Asia until
thinking practitioners there realised that values they considered innate in their societies
and their journalism were suffering from intrusion from the West and by creeping
– perhaps vaulting – globalisation. Asians are not alone in protesting the Western
media’s ignorance of any society’s values and ambitions but their own and condemned
the “values of Western journalism” accordingly. But in trying to establish which values
are Asian and why, and which of them are so much part of treasured society that they
should be preserved, the Asians may be setting us a good example. After all, our values
are not so different from theirs and the pressure on our journalism values is the same as
on theirs; history and economics are changing both and we should be as aware of it as
the Asians are.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1032
2008-12-09T00:43:04Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
New thinking needed to report the "Globalising" world
Seneviratne, K.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
It is commonly perceived that Western journalism tradition is about the media
acting as the “watchdog” of governments, so that they will serve the people and
not abuse their power. While in Asia, the media is supposed to serve the social good
of the society -- which has often resulted in the media becoming the public relations
arm of the government. The irony is that both in the East and West today, the rapid
commercialisation of the media has meant that it has become the public relations arm
of not necessarily governments, but of big businesses, some of which have the power
to influence government economic and foreign policies.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/8
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1034
2008-12-09T00:51:42Z
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publication:assh
publication:apme
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publication:document_types
Coverage of the Central Asian political, press, and speech rights issues by independent news websites
Freedman, E.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Since independence in 1991, the Central Asian republics to varying degrees
have given lip service to democratization and the recognition of free press and
political rights. However, the reality has been dramatically different under all five
authoritarian regimes. That reality includes limits or bans on opposition parties,
as well as elections that are neither fair nor free. Most mass media entities remain
state-owned or tightly controlled, and there is pervasive censorship, self-censorship,
harassment, and intimidation of individual journalists and their media organizations.
One result is inadequate, shallow reporting about political, press, and speech rights
and controversies. Western-based Web news sites provide alternative venues for some
Central Asian journalists to independently cover such issues. This study analyzes the
coverage of political, press, and speech rights news on three such sites: Eurasianet,
IRIN News, and the Institute for War and Peace Reporting. It examines the topics
covered, the degree to which these stories use unnamed and named sources, and the
proportion of journalists writing under pseudonyms. It concludes that even journalists
reporting on these issues for Western-based media operate under tight constraints,
including the risk of official retaliation.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/10
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1041
2008-12-09T03:43:43Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Public journalism: Moving the youth agenda forward
Petralia, L.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper seeks to reignite the debate about public journalism as a panacea for
citizen disengagement from public life and the diminishing relevance of traditional
news media. It argues that public journalism is both an attitude and a set of
professional practices requiring incorporation into newsroom routines in order for
community engagement to occur. The paper revisits the Public Journalism, Public
Participation and Australian Public Policy Project conducted in 1998. It does this
to complete the project’s examination of how public journalism practice might be
reflected in the routines of New South Wales regional newspapers, specifically to
enhance the access of young, rural people to the mainstream media and to facilitate
community dialogue on youth related issues.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/3
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1042
2008-12-09T03:52:03Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
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Sourcing the news: Teaching journalism students different approaches to sourcing practices
Ewart, J.
Cokely, J.
Coats, P.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The experiences of a group of Australian university journalism students from diverse
backgrounds are explored as they become involved in producing five editions of a
new newspaper for the isolated community of Blackall in the Queensland Outback,
1500km north-west of Sydney. During this learning experience, non-traditional
journalistic sourcing methods were trialed. This paper documents the exercise,
compares the alternative methods with existing practices identified in the literature,
and examines the effects and consequences of the exercise.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1039
2008-12-09T03:11:54Z
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publication:assh
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From the Editor
Loo, Eric
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Published papers in this issue continue to focus on media education and training in
the Asia Pacific. Quite a few were presented at separate conferences in 2004, one
on “Asian media research” held in Singapore from Aug.6-7; and the other on “Best
Practices in Online Journalism Education” held at the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
Center for Journalism, Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines, Dec.9-10.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1040
2008-12-09T03:37:04Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Legal research in Asian mass media: An overview of its substance and procedure
Youm, K. H.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The continuing economic and political transformation of Asian countries has been
inexorable since the mid-1980s. John A. Lent, a long-time Asian media observer,
stated: “Today, Asians are generally more politically vigilant and less apt to tolerate
strongman rule than before.”<sup>1</sup>
A good illustration of democratic transitions in Asia is the expansion of political
rights and civil liberties. Freedom of the press has continually increased in many
parts of Asia. Freedom House’s survey of press freedom reported in 2003: “The Asia
Pacific region … exhibited a relatively high level of press freedom, with 18 countries
(46 percent) rated Free, 7 (18 percent) rated Partly Free, and 14 (36 percent) rated
Not Free.”<sup>2</sup> Now, some are concerned about press irresponsibility rather than the
lack of press freedom: “Media freedom is available to more people in Asia today than
15 years ago, and media responsibility and ethics have become a big concern in new
democracies.”<sup>3</sup>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/2
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1043
2008-12-09T04:03:20Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Straight shooting - Developing camera ethics and multiple literacy through digital video news production in high schools
Blackall, David
Lockyer, L.
Brown, I.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This article highlights the imperative of developing multiple media literacy skills in
high school students to prepare them for work in a world plagued by complex social,
political, economic and environmental issues. These skills can be imbued through
the integration of the concepts of journalism ethics with journalism’s role in a
democracy within the practical aspects of production of digital television community
news. This idea is to be explored in an Australian Research Council Linkage project
(2005 to 2007) - a collaborative initiative between Apple Computer Australia, WIN
Television and the University of Wollongong (UOW). The ARC School News
project investigates the notion that high school students’ creation of digital video
news about their school and community, facilitated by innovative technology and
expert advice, can lead to their acquisition of multiple literacy skills. As the students’
skills develop in constructing television news, they will then begin to appreciate a
set of multiple literacy resources that should serve them as young participants in a
democratic system. In a changing news media landscape, dominated by deception,
spin and public relations, these resources are critical and young people require
them to effectively exercise their rights, now and into the future. In the making of
community oriented television news, young people will develop a critical ability to
read the media products for what they are: constructions that are often persuasive and
propagandist, disguised as news and loitering on the boundaries of the pornographic
and the violent. Young people will develop their critical abilities in multi literacy,
finding that news and current affairs often serve singular political and commercial
interests, rather than what journalism purports to serve – balance, fairness,
independence, investigation, pluralism and democracy.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/5
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1044
2008-12-09T04:13:44Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
The lucky few: Female graduands of communication studies in the Indonesian media industry
Utari, P.
Nilan, P.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
For some years, women have been entering Indonesian communications degrees
in much larger numbers than men, but only a minority of media workers at present
are women. This paper reports on research into the limiting factors, which affect
the progress of female communications graduates into professional media work. A
case study was used to investigate the gap between the number of women enrolling
in communication studies at Universitas Sebelas Maret in Solo, Central Java, and
those working in television, radio, newspapers, tabloids and journals, public relations
and advertising across Indonesia. This paper concludes by describing some of the
factors, which contribute to the apparent “mismatch” phenomenon.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1045
2008-12-09T05:13:46Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
From campus to newsroom in the South Pacific: Credible media career paths versus 'Academic Anaemia'
Robie, D.
Singh, S.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The University of the South Pacific’s Regional Journalism Programme, which caters
for 12 member countries1 from the Cook Islands in the east to the Solomon Islands
in the west, was founded in 1994 with French Government aid. It began producing
double major graduate journalists for the South Pacific from 1996. Two-thirds of the
graduates live and work in Fiji. While some news media organisations in Fiji have
generally recruited graduates, others have preferred to hire untrained school leavers.
Parallel with draft legislation designed to turn the self-regulating Fiji Media Council
into a statutory body, there have been public calls for higher media standards and
more professional training and education. This article explores the career attitudes
and destination of the university’s 68 journalism graduates between 1996 and 2002
based on empirical data from a five-year monitoring project that started in 1998.
It also examines the policies of the Fiji media industry towards graduates and
education.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/7
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1036
2008-12-09T01:48:41Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
From listeners to learners: An audio experiment
Phillips, G.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
While computer technology opens up new possibilities as a delivery mechanism
it is also a medium in itself and presents production challenges in terms of how
its powers can be creatively harnessed. In this context education content is just
another variant of media production, with the student in the role of audience/user.
Application of media production techniques in audio, video and print provides the
opportunity to increase the appeal of educational materials by applying to them
what media producers have learnt about the strengths of radio, television and online
media as communication vehicles. This paper describes a research project which
used an audio documentary as a learning tool in an online unit to see to what extent
production techniques of audience capture enhanced the learning experience.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/12
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1037
2008-12-09T02:26:56Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
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Profile interview: Book author - Quagmires and quandaries: Exploring journalism ethics
Richards, I.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Ian Richards is Associate Professor of Journalism at the University of South Australia
in Adelaide. He is chair of the University’s Human Research Ethics Committee
and Director of UniSA’s Postgraduate Journalism Program. A former newspaper
journalist, he has worked and studied in Australia and the United Kingdom. He
achieved the first PhD in journalism in South Australia, and is the current editor of
Australian Journalism Review.<br>
Since 2004 Richards has represented Australian journalism education on an
international committee organising the world’s first journalism education congress,
to be held in Singapore in June, 2007. He is also heavily involved with the Ethics
Centre of South Australia, a collaborative venture between UniSA, Flinders
University and the University of Adelaide. His research interest is journalism ethics.<br>
Monash University journalism lecturer Elizabeth Hart asked him about the some of
the dilemmas he faced in this exploration of one of the most problematic aspects of
journalists’ work and journalists’ relationships with their readers: ethics.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/13
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1038
2008-12-09T02:37:29Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
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Profile interview: Book author - Journalism ethics at work
Tanner, S.
Phillips, G.
Smyth, C.
Tapsall, S.
2005-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Interview with Stephen Tanner, Gail Phillips, Chris Smyth & Suellen Tapsall. Authors of Journalism Ethics at Work, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW, 2005.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss16/14
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1046
2008-12-09T22:17:20Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Desired attributes for young journalists
Josephi, B.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This article approaches the question of ‘which core attributes should young
journalists offer’ from the industry point of view. The answers by senior staff of
leading newspapers are used to deduct a list of qualities cadets or young journalists
are expected to offer. This study uses interviews at El Pais and Neue Zürcher
Zeitung, Singapore’s Straits Times and Hong Kong’s South China Morning Post.
Spain’s El Pais and Switzerland’s Neue Zürcher Zeitung are counted among the ten
best papers in the world, but their histories are vastly different, as is their approach
to the selection of cadets and beginning journalists. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung only
takes graduates, but not those with a journalism degree, whereas El Pais has its own
post-graduate journalism school from among whose graduates it selects the best
to join its staff. The Straits Times and South China Morning Post have neither a
preference for nor a rejection of journalism graduates. While the answers regarding
the qualities of beginning journalists show a surprising unanimity, they also point to
the fact that some attributes, possibly, can be encouraged but not taught.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/8
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1049
2008-12-09T22:54:05Z
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publication:assh
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Nuts and bolts of an eLearning program for Asia-Pacific journalists
Valdez, V. B.
Escaler, M. V.
Hofileña, C. F.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper discusses the delivery of training programs for working journalists in Asia
and the Pacific Islands via the Internet. The first part describes the program, offered
by the Konrad Adenauer Center for Journalism at the Ateneo de Manila University
(CFJ) in the Philippines, and the potentials of eLearning technology in delivering
internationally-competitive training courses to the region’s journalists. The second
part describes the process that led to the establishment of CFJ’s eLearning capability.
The results of an assessment of the program are presented in the third part. The
last section discusses learner and teacher characteristics that facilitate success in an
eLearning environment.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/11
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1048
2008-12-09T22:37:23Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Community of inquiry a precondition of higher learning in online journalism courses
Borsoto, C. B.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This study explores the indicators of a community of inquiry present in the
asynchronous computer conferences of three MA (Journalism) online courses offered
at the Ateneo de Manila University. The Community of Inquiry Model, developed
by Archer, Garrison, Anderson, and Rourke (2001), from the University of Calgary
in Canada, illustrates how three elements – social presence, cognitive presence,
and teaching presence – combine to create a community of inquiry, which is a precondition
for higher learning. In the courses analyzed, where students were generally
satisfied, a community of inquiry was created. Occurrences of social, cognitive, and
teaching presence in the courses analyzed in this study showed possible signs of
higher learning. However, satisfaction with the courses did not guarantee higher
learning, which was facilitated by meeting the students’ needs and making them
perceive a positive learning experience.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/10
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1047
2008-12-09T22:32:23Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Use of internet in political participation in South Korea
Bhuiyan, S.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This article examines the role of the Internet in political participation in South
Korea. It reveals that the Internet brought majority of the voters into the political
process and produced a more fact-based election process in South Korea. It also
reveals that Internet accessibility has become a stronger factor to explain increased
voter participation. This article suggests that the rapid diffusion of Internet along
with broadband connections have contributed to the increased use of Internet among
young voters.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/9
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1050
2008-12-09T22:58:32Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Media law education for journalists in Hong Kong
Weisenhaus, D.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
An anti-corruption agency raids seven newsrooms. The government considers
national security legislation with far-reaching repercussions for journalists. Privacy
laws targeting paparazzi and others in the media are proposed. A broadcaster is
admonished for comments made on air to public officials. An editor is jailed for
contempt of court.
These events and others in Hong Kong over the past several years demonstrate the
volatility of media law developments in the Special Administrative Region, now part
of the People’s Republic of China. Since the 1997 return of the former British colony
to Chinese sovereignty, Hong Kong has been struggling to define and shape the legal
terrain on which journalists operate. The imposition of the Basic Law, Hong Kong’s
mini-Constitution; a dramatic rise in libel suits; new laws and proposed legislation
attempting to rein in an active media, and the fact that Hong Kong no longer has
to automatically apply British common law to issues that arise have resulted in a
Byzantine environment for the evolution of media law.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/12
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1051
2008-12-09T23:06:23Z
publication:journal_articles
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We've come a long way, or have we? American research on Asian mass communication
Lent, J. A.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
About this time 40 years ago, I was in the Philippines, beginning my career as a
researcher of mass communication in Asia. In preparation for that trip, I recall, I
scoured the many historical, social-economic, political surveys of Asia at Syracuse
University, which had an excellent collection of books on Asia. If there was a
mention of media in those volumes, and there usually was not, it was only a sentence
or two on how a newspaper reported an event. My search of the journalism/mass
communication periodicals yielded very little as well. I’m rather sure that had I
attended Asian studies or journalism/mass communication conferences in 1964, I
would not have been listening to many papers on international communications, let
alone, Asian mass communication.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/13
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1052
2008-12-09T23:17:41Z
publication:journal_articles
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Critical aspects of communication research: Where do we stand today?
Becker, J.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Not until after the Second World War did German sociology get back on par with
the general Western mainstream that remains the standard to this day. Prior to the
Third Reich, various philosophical and sociological schools of thought and traditions
had emerged. They were quite unique to Germany and very different from those
in other Western countries. It was first and foremost the brutal destruction by the
Nazis and then the US modernization policies in post-War Germany that eradicated
a specifically German scholarly culture. One of these specific German schools of
philosophy was the so-called Frankfurt School around the philosophers Theodor W.
Adorno, Erich Fromm, Max Horkheimer, Friedrich Pollock, Leo Löwenthal, Walter
Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse (and later Jürgen Habermas).
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/14
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1053
2008-12-09T23:21:33Z
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Vietnam's journalism training and education challenge of a free market economy
Dinh, H.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Journalism schools in Vietnam only opened in the early 1990s. Like other media
organisations, journalism schools are required to follow strictly the Party’s media
instructions and decrees. The shortcomings of journalism education and training
in Vietnam are numerous, the most pressing being staff qualifications and teaching
approaches in journalism education. Journalism programs continue to attract school
leavers each year. However, journalism graduates are not highly regarded by media
organisations. Along with senior Party media officials, educators and practitioners,
there are also heads of journalism schools and senior media executives who criticise
the poor quality of journalism education attendant with teaching methods, the lack of
teaching materials and the selection of students into journalism courses. To improve
the quality of Vietnam’s journalism education and training, the primary requirement
is that the ideological concept of journalism education and training needs to change.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/15
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1054
2008-12-09T23:34:07Z
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Satellite imagery in media representation of global conflicts
Jones, M.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Media organizations relied on commercial civilian “spy satellites” to survey the
battlefields and movement of troops during the 2003 Iraq War. Satellite photographs
were also used to report the impounding of an American surveillance aircraft on
Hainan Island in China, the September 11 terrorist strike, the blackout in New
York city, the Black Christmas bushfires in Australia, and the war in Afghanistan.
The implications of the technology on accurate and fair reporting of international
conflicts in countries inaccessible by journalists, such as North Korea, Iran, Russia
and China, is thus worthy of critical examination. This preliminary research, geared
for completion in mid-2005, aims to provide a framework for media educators and
journalists to appreciate the ramifications of the technology on media accountability.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/16
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1057
2008-12-10T00:24:00Z
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A Daoist perspective of normative media practice: Profile interview: Shelton Gunaratne, Minnesota State University, Moorhead
Loo, Eric
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Humanocentric theory of communication? Eastern cosmological notion of yin-yang,
Daoism and media responsibility? How is Eastern philosophy relevant to continual
efforts in the academe to lift the standards of journalism? These questions are
tackled in The Dao of the Press: A Humanocentric Theory, Cresskill, NJ: Hampton
Press, 2005. Eric Loo spoke with author and media academic Shelton Gunaratne
at the Association of Education in Journalism and Mass Communication annual
convention in Toronto in August 2004.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/19
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1058
2008-12-10T00:34:25Z
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Battling media corruption in the Philippines: Profile interview: Chay Florentin Hofileña, Center for Journalism, Ateneo de Manila University
Magno, L.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>In 1998, Ma. Rosario “Chay” Florentin-Hofilena exposed what journalists in the
Philippines acknowledge is a perennial problem in the media industry but are
hesitant to discuss in public-- corruption in media. Her extensive documentation and
interviews with media practitioners resulted in a book in 2004 - “News for Sale: The
Corruption of the Philippine Media” - published jointly by the Philippine Center
for Investigative Journalism (www.pcij.org) and the Center for Media Freedom
and Responsibility (www.cmfr.com.ph/). The book focuses on the rampant media
corruption during the May 2004 presidential election in the Philippines.</p>
<p>Chay covered the 1986 “People Power” Philippine revolution for the Philippine
Daily Inquirer, was a freelance writer for publications in Dallas and San Francisco,
a senior reporter for The Manila Chronicle and ABC-5 television in the Philippines.
She was deputy editor for The Manila Times and associate editor of Newsbreak
Magazine, which she writes for regularly.</p>
<p>She is currently Director of the Master of Arts in Journalism Program at the Konrad
Adenauer Center for Journalism at Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines.
Leo Magno (email: lmagno@inq7.net) IT editor of the Philippine Daily Inquirer and
executive editor of INQ7.net spoke with her about her latest book.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/20
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1055
2008-12-10T00:12:15Z
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The last of punchy current affairs: Profile interview: Mark Davis, Dateline, Special Broadcasting Service
Blackall, David
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Mark Davis, former presenter for the Special Broadcasting Service international
current affairs program, Dateline, is about to go back on the road, returning to what
he does best as a sole-camera investigative journalist. After two years presenting for
the program he looks forward to again travelling and attending the whole production
of sole camera journalism – research, interviewing, camera and editing.</p>
<p>Before becoming a television journalist Davis was a documentary filmmaker and
before then, a lawyer. He is one of Australia’s foremost sole operating camerajournalists,
after significant stories with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
current affairs programs, Foreign Correspondent and Four Corners. He has won five
Walkley’s (Australian award for excellence in journalism), including the prestigious
Gold Walkley for Blood Money - a sole camera ‘brand-name’ report on the funding of
pro-Indonesian militias in East Timor.</p>
<p>In 1997 he won a World Medal at the New York Film and Television Festival for his
television current affairs journalism in Afghanistan. His other Walkley Awards were
for stories on the famine in North Korea, the aftermath of the tsunami in Papua New
Guinea and Blood on the Cross, a remarkable investigation into the killing of West
Papuan villagers by British SAS, with the complicity of the Red Cross.</p>
<p>Arriving into current affairs through an across profession osmosis, Davis has a
range of perspectives and skills of use to journalism. Documentary filmmaker and
journalism educator, David Blackall filed this report after an interview with Davis
in a Sydney alfresco café on a sunny Tuesday November morning, as a nationally
significant horse race in Melbourne was getting underway.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/17
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1056
2008-12-10T00:19:50Z
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On assignment in Afghanistan: Profile interview: Michelle Tan, Journalist
Loo, Eric
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Michelle Tan graduated from St. Cloud State University, Minnesota, with a BSc in Mass
Communication in the summer of 2000. She started working as an intern at the St. Cloud Times
in May 2000 and was employed as a full time education and military reporter in August. After
her return from Afghanistan, she was assigned to the city government beat. Tan, who was awarded
the Employee of the Year 2004 by St Cloud Times, spoke with Eric Loo on her experience as an
embedded reporter with the 367th engineer battalion in Bagram, Afghanistan and the daily grind of
bearing 35 pounds of protective army gear in 80-degree desert dusty weather.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/18
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1059
2008-12-10T00:47:48Z
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Reporter's paradise
Robles, A. C.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The Philippines is a reporter’s paradise, brimming with stories that transcend the
pitiful humdrum which passes for news in other places. News here goes beyond
the merely sensational and exciting. Yes, we have coup attempts. We also have epic
disasters, such as fires, maritime catastrophes, destructive typhoons, floods, killer
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. And let’s not even talk about corruption, murder
and political violence.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/21
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1060
2008-12-10T00:52:54Z
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Comic art as a field of study: Profile interview: John Lent, Editor, International Journal of Comic Art
Ramanathan, S.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Professor John A. Lent of Temple University, USA, is a well-known scholar to
students, researchers and teachers of media and communication studies. He is one
of the pioneers of communication education in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly
in Malaysia, Philippines and China. He was the first coordinator of the mass
communications programme at the Science University of Malaysia in early 1970s
and has been involved in the teaching, writing and study of communications for
more than 42 years. Among the honours he has received is as Fulbright Scholar
in the Philippines and first Chair of the Rogers Distinguished Professorship at the
University of Western Ontario, Canada.</p>
<p>Lent has authored more than 60 books and published more than 200 articles. Among
his well-known publications are The Asian Newspapers’ Reluctant Revolution,
Newspapers in Asia, Broadcasting in Asia, Asian Cinema and Animation in Asia
and the Pacific. He serves as editor and editorial board member of more than a
dozen periodicals and chairs the Asian Popular Culture Group of the Popular Culture
Association. In addition to founding and editing the International Journal of Comic
Art, he has been chair of the Asian Cinema Studies Society and edited the Asian
Cinema since 1994.</p>
<p>In September 2004, Lent participated in three meetings coordinated by Mediaplus
Consultants, in Singapore and Malaysia. He was the principal resource person for
the inaugural Asian comic art meetings in Singapore (September 11) and in Petaling
Jaya, Malaysia (September 13 & 14). Sankaran Ramanathan, chief operating officer
of Mediaplus Consultants (www.mediaplusconsultants.com) spoke with Lent in Petaling
Jaya.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/22
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1061
2008-12-10T01:01:20Z
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Book review: Mekim Nius: South Pacific Media, Politics & Education
Masterton, M.
2004-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Robie, David (2004)<br>
<strong>Mekim Nius: South Pacific Media, Politics & Education</strong><br>
USP Book Centre, AUT Media & South Pacific Books.<br>
ISBN 1 877314 30 7. 306pp.</p>
<p>Reviewed by Murray Masterton</p>
<p>In Mekim Nius David Robie has done much of that looking at the Islands’ media. nd
he is in an unique position to do so. Across nine years he guided the region’s two
major journalism schools, first at the University of Papua New Guinea, then at the
University of the South Pacific.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss15/23
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1064
2008-12-11T00:49:31Z
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Games we play on Singapore telly
Lim, T.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
In the mid 1990s, Singapore opened its doors to the international
broadcasting community. The past four years in particular have seen
steady policy-driven liberalisation of its print, television and multimedia
industries. This has jumpstarted the local TV production industry and
stimulated terrestrial network competition. While the two terrestrial TV
networks compete voraciously for a small, fragmented, multilingual and
increasingly sophisticated domestic TV audience, the localisation of
international TV game show formats like Millionaire and The Weakest
Link appear as attractive solutions to consolidate and build the audience
base. TV gameshow formats have become one of the ‘formatting’ strategies
that this industry employs to develop ‘local knowledge’ and ‘position’
themselves in the battle for audience ratings and eyeballs. This article
will present findings and offer new insight into the impact of TV formats
on the local television production, programming and audiences in
Singapore. Local television production has begun to examine new avenues
for content - everything can be formatted in today’s love-affair with reality
TV - even the human tragedy of SARS. Key concepts used include ‘local
knowledge’, ‘positioning’ and ‘formatting’.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/3
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1065
2008-12-11T00:51:26Z
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New technologies and journalism practice in Nigeria and Ghana
Obijiofor, L.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
New technologies are generally perceived as the basic tool for survival in
modern society. But the extent of their availability and use, as well as
their impact on newspaper journalism practice in West Africa is
unknown. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated
the impact of new technologies on newspaper journalism practice in two
West African countries — Nigeria and Ghana. The study, conducted in
five newspapers in the two countries, found that, although a majority of
the journalists believed the new technologies have improved the quality
of their newspapers, fewer than half of the journalists were unimpressed
with the level of the technologies available to them in the performance of
their duties.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1062
2008-12-11T00:36:36Z
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Editorial: In this issue
Loo, Eric
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This issue invites media academics to reflect on the traditional conception
of ethical media practice, the artificial dichotomy between media studies and
journalism, and the trend among university administrators to dilute the
significance of professional journalism education, and in some cases to marry
journalism with public relations, advertising and communication studies.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1063
2008-12-11T00:44:52Z
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Creative restructuring of Singapore media: Research Lacunas
Leo, P.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
In February 2002, the Singapore Government initiated ‘Remaking
Singapore’ (The Prime Minister’s Office Press Release) as the nation-state
faced its worst economic downturn since its Independence in 1965.
Amidst this broad effort to fundamentally review Singapore’s strategies
for economic growth and survival as a nation, the media sector also
underwent a series of restructuring exercises, which began in April 2000
with the introduction of competition between the two core local print and
broadcast media players. The broader plan to develop Singapore into a
“global media city” was drawn up in the ‘Media 21’ of the ‘Creative
Industries Development Strategy’, released in late 2002. Policy
developments and discourses in such instances suggest that Singapore is
calling out and giving urgent recognition to an apparent shift in the
“new economy” – from a knowledge-based one, to one that is increasingly
creativity-based. Merely from these observations, Singapore’s media scene
today appears more complex than it was before the introduction of media
restructuring. The following discussion explores some potential areas of
research arising from the assumption that the Singapore media sector has
and is continuing to undertake reforms in an effort to remain viable in
the globalising economy that is not only knowledge-based, but increasingly
creativity-based.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/2
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1066
2008-12-11T00:55:44Z
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Reflections: Development of Australian journalism education
Burns, L. S.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The global development of professional education for journalists, since
the late nineteenth century, has been primarily driven by reaction to
criticism of media practices from politicians and the media publics
(Banning 1999 and others). The resulting emphasis on the content of
pre-professional programs has tended to come at the expense of
considering the ways in which students might also develop professional
understanding. There has been long and vigorous debate about what
prospective journalists should learn, and what they should not learn,
but less attention has been paid to the way professional attitudes and
efficacy are developed in students through learning programs. In fact,
the major influence underpinning journalism education in Australia is
still the political/industrial history of journalism as a profession “sui
generis”, or like no other (Lloyd 1985). This article considers the
development of journalism teaching in Australia and argues that it is
time to focus on the way journalism is taught.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/5
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1067
2008-12-11T01:17:34Z
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Rethinking the journalism curriculum in PNG
Rooney, D.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper reports on the changes Divine Word University in Madang,
Papua New Guinea, is making to its journalism curriculum. It has
taught journalism since 1979 mainly with an emphasis on journalism
craft skills. This model has been replaced by an ideological model that
identifies social justice and the need to provide a voice for the voiceless,
while holding the powerful to account, as the central issues for
journalists. This new mission is aspirational and much work still has to
be done on the curriculum. This paper examines the new model and
situates it in a number of contexts: the challenges facing journalism in
the country; debates in the developed world on the true path for
journalism education and the needs for journalism training identified
from within PNG. It concludes with suggestions on what the new
curriculum might contain to achieve the aspirations.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1068
2008-12-11T01:19:26Z
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Career potential for new science journalists
Coyle, T.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Despite public support for science reportage, science stories are rare in
Australian media. The reasons for this are not clear but the net impact is
that there are few opportunities for aspiring science journalists in a
market that is dominated by a few high-profile individuals. Thus, budding
science journalists would probably be best served by trying to create
new opportunities and widening the market for science journalism, rather
than competing for the few existing niche positions. This study
investigates the potential career paths for new science journalists as well
as the challenges facing science journalism in Australia.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/7
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1069
2008-12-11T01:22:08Z
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Mediating and mass communicating Sept 11
Lee, T.
Giles, C.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This commentary is the result of a research survey conducted with 70
Mass Communication undergraduate students enrolled in a unit simply
entitled Mass Communication II at Murdoch University on September
11, 2002 (911). The survey was intended, firstly, to commemorate a
possibly over-hyped first anniversary of the Sept.11 attack on New York.
Secondly, it aims to find out if students would employ the critical tools
of media analyses in thinking about a media event like 911. Students
were asked to revisit their reactions following the collapse of the Twin
Towers, to consider if the coverage was ‘media overkill’ and to express
their thoughts one year on. This commentary looks into how resistance
to global media is manifested in expressions of disinterest and resentment
of global media. It offers media educators a way of thinking about the
discursive ways in which students utilise and apply theoretical
knowledge.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/8
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1072
2008-12-11T02:32:34Z
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"Trust me, I'm a journalist": Ethics and journalism education
Richards, I.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
It is no secret that journalism today is in a state of crisis, and that popular
perceptions of the ethical standards of the media in general and journalists
in particular are an important contributor to this situation. In any serious
consideration of contemporary journalism, journalism ethics is centre
stage and, for this reason, ethics is also central to journalism education.
Yet, while there has been extensive debate and reflection with regard to
journalism education generally, there has been surprisingly little serious
examination of what journalism students are taught about ethics. This
paper argues that a fundamental re-examination of the whole project of
teaching journalism ethics is necessary if journalism educators are to
meet what Stuart Adam has described as their primary responsibility to
build, through scholarship and reflection, the language “that captures
and expresses the experience of making, knowing and judging journalistic
work and reflects a sense of responsibility and stewardship for its quality
and standards” (Adam, 2001: 318).
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/11
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1073
2008-12-11T02:36:54Z
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Mapping the media: 'Learner-centred' orientation to graduate employability
Spurgeon, C.
O'Donnell, P.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper reports on the introduction of media mapping in media
education programs in three Australian universities. ‘Media mapping’
aims to integrate students’ theoretical and ‘real world’ knowledge of the
media. It involves investigating media organisations, analysing their
operations, developing data base profiles and then organising and creating
the final representation of the media environment. The purpose and
particular applications of media maps are discussed with reference to
debates about the role of new media in media education, developments in
Australian higher education policy, trends in teaching and learning, and
the institutional contexts of two media maps described here. The prospects
for wider adoption of media mapping, and benefits for students, teachers
and larger communities of interest, are also outlined.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/12
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1075
2008-12-11T03:17:29Z
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Book review: Investor Relations (Book 1 of From Main Street to Cyber Street: Changes in the Practice of Communication series)
Fitch, K.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Nair, Basskaran (2003)<br>
<strong>Investor Relations (Book 1 of From Main Street to Cyber
Street: Changes in the Practice of Communication series)</strong><br>
Eastern Universities Press, Singapore,<br> 106pp, ISBN 981 210 224 8</p>
<p>Reviewed by Kate Fitch</p>
<p>In theory, the Internet could help improve communication
between corporations and investors and offer better opportunities
for transparent and open governance. In practice, however, the
case for the Internet enabling comprehensive disclosure and an
ongoing dialogue with stakeholders is not so clear. The
unprecedented levels of information now available on the Internet
make it difficult for an organisation to ‘manage’ information about
itself, and its online texts compete with those of independent
analysts, financial journalists, disgruntled shareholders and
activists.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/14
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1074
2008-12-11T02:41:38Z
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Media role in a K-Economy: Transforming media education in Malaysia
Nain, Z.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Since the introduction of television in Malaysia in 1963, the
Malaysian media have been deemed by successive
governments as a tool to help promote national development
plans and strategies. Following the best traditions of the
modernization school, ‘development’ was – and still is – measured
by economic growth indicators such as gross national product
figures and improved transportation system, education and
healthcare, among others. One of the major impediments to such
development, as often argued, is the ‘counter-productive’ attitude
of citizens. Hence, the people need to be informed and persuaded
of the need for development as prescribed by the government of
the day. At the same time, the people need to adopt change or
development-oriented attitudes. It is in these areas of ‘informing’
the people (of the government’s development policies) and of
persuading them to ubah sikap (change attitudes) that the media
are seen to be playing a crucial role. The emphasis, thus, is on
the psychological shortcomings of the citizens, while social
structures which exacerbate or perpetuate inequalities are
conveniently sidestepped.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/13
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1070
2008-12-11T02:27:30Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
How different is 'different'? Australian country newspapers and development journalism
Bowd, K.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Australian country newspapers demonstrate a focus on their local
community or communities which appears to be much stronger than
that of their metropolitan counterparts. This focus is generally reflected
in an emphasis on local news and the promotion of local concerns,
individuals and achievements. The limited literature on country
newspapers suggests this emphasis has contributed to country print
journalism developing in directions significantly removed from those of
contemporary urban journalism. This paper argues that while country
newspaper journalism incorporates elements of conventional journalism,
it has also evolved in ways which appear to have more in common with
non-Western forms of journalism than with the journalism practised in
major Australian cities.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/9
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1071
2008-12-11T02:30:06Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Challenging the business paradigm in the interests of media freedom
Pearson, M.
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
They might be mortal enemies in day to day corporate warfare,
but there is one single issue where media outlets stand united.
The defence of media freedom. All it takes is the whiff of regulation
in the air – an aside by a politician, or a committee’s
recommendation for a limit on media powers – and we hear the
screams from the leader pages.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/10
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1076
2008-12-11T03:15:15Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Book review: Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
Blackall, David
2003-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Chomsky, Noam (2003)<br>
<strong>Hegemony Or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance,</strong><br>
Allen & Unwin, Sydney. 278 pp. ISBN 1 74114 162 1</p>
<p>Reviewed by David Blackall</p>
<p>This book is most likely to polarize readers - those whose
arguments are reinforced or those who see it as essentially
conspiracy theory. If for some time you have agreed with Noam
Chomsky’s journalism and his other books and essays, then you
will most likely agree with the pitch on the back cover – “from the
world’s foremost intellectual activist, an irrefutable analysis of
America’s pursuit of total world domination and the catastrophic
consequences that will follow”. As an institute professor of
philosophy, linguistics and linguistic theory, Chomsky’s discourse
analysis drives the contention that America’s superpower mindset
is hell bent on domination and this is pitched against the second
superpower – world public opinion. Public relations and
propaganda are the weapons used to serve the power elite: largely,
the US oil companies and their greedy thirst for oil and other energy
resources. The exploitation of other peoples’ fossil fuels and a
militaristic foreign policy in gaining access to the same, attracts
terrorism, which justifies the clamping down on domestic civil
rights in the name of homeland security.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss14/15
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1077
2008-12-12T02:55:26Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Editorial: In this issue
Loo, Eric
2001-07-01T07:00:00Z
Journal Article
This issue begins with two contributions by Yan Mei Ning and Tim Hamlett who paint a picture of how freedom of expression is continually being re-defined, curtailed, yet in other ways protected by the judiciary in its judgement of defamation cases.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss11/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1080
2008-12-12T03:58:52Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Hong Kong anti-terrorism ordinance and the surveillance society: Privacy and free expression implications
Maurushat, A.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper is a critical examination of the privacy and free expression
implications of surveillance in the wake of new anti-terrorism law in Hong
Kong. Surveillance has increased worldwide since the recent terrorist
attacks. New technological modes of surveillance have become
indispensable weapons in this ‘war on terrorism’. The extent to which
such surveillance technology impacts on privacy and free expression has
been explored extensively in the literature both in Europe and North
America. The issue, however, has received little attention in Asia.
European and North American anti-terrorism laws are set within the
framework of legislative safeguards – safeguards as to the permissible
boundaries of State surveillance. Where anti-terrorism laws impede civil
liberties, the legislation is relatively clear and transparent. The situation
in Hong Kong may be differentiated with that in Europe and North
America; there do not appear to be any legal safeguards in place to curtail
surveillance, while the notion of transparency seems wholly lacking in
the larger legal framework of surveillance.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/3
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1078
2008-12-12T03:42:21Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Editorial: In this issue
Gomez, J.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Just as the American troops were building up their forces against Iraq in
early 2003, a new and deadly virus was slowly beginning to make its rounds
in Asia and beyond. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) had some
media coverage before the Iraq war. But this was soon overwhelmed by the
news on the war. Reportage on the SARS virus only became prime news after
the focus on the war had subsided.
Since September 11, international news coverage in Asia has largely focused
on the US war led on terrorism and Iraq. There were many voices of protests
against the war. Some of it was shown over television. Others dominated
websites and chatrooms. These show the power of the media and those who
control it to set the agenda for world politics and democracy. This issue on
New Media and Journalism in Asia: Freedom of Expression, Censorship and Ethic
brings together research articles and commentaries on the implications of new
technology and contemporary journalism on democracy.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/1
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1079
2008-12-12T03:53:39Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
New regulatory politics and communication technologies in Singapore
Lee, T.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Singapore’s status as one of the most networked society in the Asia-
Pacific region is rarely disputed, though not much has been written
critically about the city-state’s approach towards the regulation of
information/communication technologies. This paper seeks therefore to
disambiguate the social, cultural, economic as well as the political
imperatives of such regulatory practices in Singapore. It begins by
looking at the development of Singapore’s Internet and infocommunications
scene, with highlights of political responses to key
occurrences over the past decade. Taking on board the discourse of autoregulation
– that regulating the Internet and new media in Singapore
is mostly about ensuring an automatic functioning of power for political
expedience and longevity – this paper offers new insights into the politics
of new communication technologies in Singapore, from its humble
beginnings of censorship, surveillance and ‘sleaze’ control (1990s) to
recent attempts at restricting information via new legislations governing
foreign media and the stifling of online political campaigning and debates
(from 2001/02). This paper concludes by looking at aspects of electronic
government (e-Government), suggesting how the offering of e-Citizen
services are likely to tighten Internet control in the future. It argues
that although electronic spaces for political engagement are and will be
limited, one needs to make full use of them whilst they are still available.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/2
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1085
2008-12-14T23:25:42Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
On the cusp between global and local: Young journalists at the Straits Times
Josephi, B.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This article portrays the induction process of young journalists into the
newsroom at the Singaporean English daily, The Straits Times. The
enquiry, part of on ongoing world-wide study, is premised on the fact
that professional journalistic education is greatly influenced by the
newsroom socialisation process. The Straits Times is bound to its parent
company’s editorial policy, which has as its “main concern the survival
and continuing success of the Republic of Singapore”. This editorial policy
impacts on what and how the young journalists learn. Front-end controls
make the young reporters work in close cooperation with their assigned
supervisor. This way the young reporters are inducted into the style of
the paper, and its ethical requirements. These, unlike at other researched
papers, are learned on the job. However, within these perimeters, the
young journalists feel no less ownership of their stories than do young
journalists at other papers.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/8
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1092
2008-12-15T01:16:43Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Book review: The Right to Know: Access to Information in Southeast Asia
Ramcharan, R.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Coronel, Sheila (2001)<br>
<strong>The Right to Know: Access to Information in Southeast Asia,</strong><br>
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, Quezon City,<br>
Philippines. ISBN 971-8686-34-7. 270pp.</p>
<p>Reviewed by Robin Ramcharan</p>
<p> This work examines the laws that guarantee or restrict access
to information, the media and the political or social environments
in which information is provided in the region’s “democracies”
(Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand), “semi-democracies”
(Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore) and “non-democracies” (Burma,
Vietnam). As Sheila Coronel notes in her introductory survey,
despite liberalised information flows in the democracies,
“Southeast Asia’s democracies are still elitist and slow to respond
to demands for social justice and equity”; in the semi-democracies
“information is curtailed and people are kept ignorant”; and in
the non-democracies people are virtually “kept in the dark”.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/15
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1082
2008-12-14T23:10:19Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Internet and media freedom: A study of media censorship in Sri Lanka and the effectiveness of web-based revel media
Ubayasiri, K.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Sri Lanka, the former British colony of Ceylon, is the theatre for one of
the world’s longest and bloodiest civil wars. For more than two-and-a-half
decades the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) have fought
to secure a separate Tamil state from the country’s predominantly
Sinhalese government. However, the reportage of the conflict has
remained a monopoly of the government and the pro-Sinhala mainstream
media. This paper argues that alternative media such as the Internet
has given the LTTE and pro-liberation supporters a media outlet which
is not easily censored, shut or distorted by governments and mainstream
media groups. The alternative rebel media, however, does not imply an
emergence of media freedom in Sri Lanka, and merely suggest the
availability of an outlet for ‘news’ usually not supported by mainstream
media. The paper does not necessarily support either the Eelam cause or
the Sri Lankan government, and merely identifies the reasons for, and
observes the successes and flaws of, web-based pro-Eelam media.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/5
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1086
2008-12-14T23:42:17Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Journalism ethics: Mainstream versus tabloid journalists
Er, R. Y. G.
Xiaoming, H.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Through a survey of 356 journalists working for various newspapers
under the Singapore Press Holdings, this study shows that despite the
influence of newsroom culture, journalists working for the mainstream
and tabloid newspapers may not differ in terms of their professional values
and ethical standards. It is the content orientation of their newspaper or
their perception of it that leads them to act differently in covering certain
kinds of news. In other words, the institutional influence does have an
impact on the ethical decision-making process among journalists in their
daily operations even though it may not determine the direction of their
personal beliefs and ethical values.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/9
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1090
2008-12-15T01:01:27Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
A never ending story: Capabilities for the media professions?
Morgan, F.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Australian university journalism graduates supposedly “Can’t
write, can’t spell and can’t find a story” (Buckell, 2002). And
that, we are told is unacceptable to the editors who will decide
their professional futures. Which, again supposedly, is why
“theory is giving way to workplace readiness” (ibid) in
professional media courses.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/13
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1093
2008-12-15T02:04:01Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Book review: Journalism: Theory in Practice
Wilson, K.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
There was a time, not that long ago, when newspapers were
an essential source of news. The advent of the Internet and 24-
hour television news such as CNN and BBC World has changed
all that.
Thirty years ago Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein won the
Pulitzer Prize for Watergate, the scandal which eventually brought
down President Richard Nixon. The two young Washington Post
reporters launched an entire generation into print journalism, not
only in America but around the world.<br>
Could the same be done today? Probably not.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/16
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1081
2008-12-14T23:02:26Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Hong Kong's news media five years after the handover: Prospects for press freedom
Clarke, J.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper examines the current situation of Hong Kong’s news media
in the context of the development of Hong Kong’s government and its
relations with Beijing. Despite expectations that press freedom would
be eroded under Chinese rule the news media remain very free and
outspoken, especially in criticising the local administration. However,
much of the ownership of the news media is already in pro-Beijing hands,
and, with democracy declining and the role of the legislature and the
opposition being eroded, concerns arise that restrictive laws already in
existence as well as those due to be made may be used later to reduce the
freedom of the press.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1083
2008-12-14T23:15:25Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
The disenchantment of Southeast Asia: New media and social change post 9/11
Woodier, J.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Although governments around Southeast Asia bemoan their failing
ability to control the flow of news and information in the Internet age,
the terrorist attacks on the US and, in particular, those in Bali in October
2002, are likely to provide a fillip for the region’s hard-liners, and
underpin surveillance states in the region. As culture becomes a major
factor in national security and international relations, the role of the
media and communications technology in political change has become
ambiguous. The Internet allows the high-tech mobilisation of radical
constituencies, and threatens to shake dominant political visions and
cultural traditions to the core. Although technology has allowed a greater
share of voice for the disillusioned, the dispossessed and the
disadvantaged, it is also an effective weapon in the hands of the state.
With Southeast Asia’s silent majority prepared to sacrifice gains in
democratic pluralism in return for security, the war on ‘terror’ will
allow authoritarian governments to reel in many of the gains in freedom
of speech only recently won and further alienate the Malay-Islamic
communities, driving them into the arms of militant radicals.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1084
2008-12-14T23:20:27Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Can the poor get richer and freer? The internet, development and democracy in Asia
Rudolph, J.
Tin, L. T.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The combination of the Internet, development and democracy provide
poor countries with new opportunities to get richer and freer. In using
examples from Asia, we show that despite the Internet being no panacea
tends to have a positive effect on both development and democratisation.
Due to the linkage between economic and political development, the
Internet’s effect on political development will tend to be good for
economic development, or vice versa. A digital divide exists, but so does
a digital opportunity for developing countries, and the Internet’s unique
decentred structure makes it difficult for authoritarian regimes to
comprehensively instrumentalise this technology. Essentially, all three
processes (i.e. the Internet as an aspect of technological progress as well
as economic development and democratisation) are interlinked with each
other and tend to correlate positively. We also look at some meaningful
measures, which are key in supporting the Internet’s positive effects.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/7
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1087
2008-12-14T23:46:34Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Emails, educators, practitioners and changing professional paradigms
Chia, J.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
The management of relationships with stakeholders, key publics and
clients is central to the practice of public relations. Maintaining
relationships and valuing those that have been established between
practitioners and their clients and between practitioners and other
organisations, has become increasingly important to the practitioner.
However within the changing communication environment of email
and Websites can these relationships be managed effectively? Both the
practitioner and the educator of public relations are communicating
with virtual clients and virtual students through online discussion,
email messages, chat rooms and organisational websites. This paper
points to the way in which practitioners are adjusting to the changes in
online relationship management both online and through traditional
communication, and how this can be reflected in educators’ response to
online teaching of public relations
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/10
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1088
2008-12-15T00:50:22Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Medium: An exploratory study of PR professionals in Taiwan
Sun, S. H.
Lau, T.
Kuo, R.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper seeks to explore the attitudes and practices of public relations
(PR) professionals in using the Internet as a PR medium in Taiwan.
Specifically, the paper addresses three research questions: (1) What do
PR professionals think about the function of the Internet and the roles
of online communication in comparison with those of offline
communication in Taiwan? (2) Will IT-related corporations be more
likely to have a wider scope of Internet applications than non-IT related
corporations? (3) Do IT corporations perceive the role of PR differently
from non-IT related corporations? Using a semi-structured
questionnaire, we conducted in-depth interviews with eight corporations’
PR and marketing department professionals in Taiwan from May 18-
June 18, 2001. The findings show that (1) Although the Internet is
widely used by PR professionals, it does not alter media strategies
significantly; (2) PR professionals in IT corporations tend to practise
more Internet communication functions than those in non-IT related
corporations; (3) IT corporations are more likely to support the
management role of PR professionals, as compared to those in non-IT
related businesses. The study suggests that the applications of the
Internet vary according to industry type, business strategies and roles
of the PR professionals within an organisation.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/11
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1089
2008-12-15T00:55:26Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Teaching journalism in Guangzhou
Zeitlin, A.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
At the core of an effort to teach journalism in English to students in the
People’s Republic of China is the question whether there is a point to
exposing—for want of a better term—western values to students. They
will work under a one-party, totalitarian police state which closely
monitors a state-owned news media designed to suppress the bad news
and exploit the good for the benefit of the Communist Party of China. A
long-time American journalist writes of his experience teaching in an
English-language journalism program at a Chinese university and his
search for an answer to that question.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/12
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1091
2008-12-15T01:08:37Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Cyberspace news on campus: The South Pacific experience
Robie, D.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Since 1998, Pacific Journalism Online training website at the University
of the South Pacific provided an innovative and problem-based approach
to internet news gathering and production based on real and major media
assignments. Among events used as integrated journalism training
assignments for student journalists from the twelve member countries of
the regional university have been George Speight's putsch (May 2000),
the Fiji barracks mutiny (November 2000), Fiji General Election (August
2001), treason trials and court martial (2002) and several international
conferences based at Nadi and Suva. In addition, the students have covered
key events on campus such as investigating alleged corruption by the
student administration. In this article, the author outlines the "reality"
course methodology and strategies in providing news training from a
campus-based newsroom.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/14
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1094
2008-12-15T02:17:05Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Book review: The Pacific Journalist: A Practical Guide
Herbert, J.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
<p>Robie, David (ed) (2001)<br>
<strong>The Pacific Journalist: A Practical Guide,</strong><br>
University of the
South Pacific. ISBN 9982-1-3851. 372 pp.</p>
<p>Reviewed by John Herbert</p>
<p>Countries in the developing world need their own books—
urgently. What was needed, I said, was a series of books that gave
students in countries such as Hong Kong, China and the South
Pacific their own books on the practice of journalism, with their
own examples, laws and ethics, their own cultural differences
highlighted, and, where necessary in their own languages; or at
least in English but with local situations and journalistic problems
explored and explained.
The Pacific Journalist: A Practical Guide seeks to fill this vacuum
in the South Pacific. As Robie says in his acknowledgements, “..
to help address this need, I have gathered a group of contributors, both working journalists and editors and others who have spent
years in journalism education and training in the region, to share
their insights and experience.”</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/17
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1097
2008-12-15T02:44:55Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Book review: Media Fortunes, Changing Times: ASEAN States in Transition
Ramanathan, S.
2002-12-01T08:00:00Z
Journal Article
Heng, Russell (ed) (2002)<br>
<strong>Media Fortunes, Changing Times: ASEAN States in Transition,</strong><br>
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. ISBN. 252 pp.<br>
<p>Reviewed by Sankaran Ramanathan</p>
<p>Are ASEAN states in transition? If so, how many of the 10
states are? Are there changing times that the presumed transition
brings, and if there are, have media fortunes been affected? If so,
how have they been affected?
If we were to gauge on the basis of political uncertainty,
Indonesia, Laos and Cambodia qualify as being states under
transition. If we were to broaden the definition to include countries
whose economies are under transition (from developing to
developed economy status), we could then add the Philippines,
Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand to the list. We could add Malaysia
to this list, arguing that the economy has taken a slide since 1997
and that the transition of political power is imminent. We can then
accept the contention that eight out of the 10 ASEAN member
countries are in transition.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss12/20
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1100
2008-12-15T04:47:34Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Re-reading the media: A stylistic analysis of Malaysian media coverage of Anwar and the Reformasi movement
Manan, S.
2001-07-01T07:00:00Z
Journal Article
This paper attempts to study how language is used by a pro-establishment
paper in Malaysia - the New Straits Times (NST) - to
portray the former Deputy Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim and the
Reformasi Movement. It aims to investigate how the NST represents
dissenting voices and the extent to which it helps to promote consensus
and the dominant view. This paper argues that language in news
coverage plays a crucial role in the construction of social reality. News
is a practice, a discourse which does not reflect reality in a neutral manner
but helps to “interpret”, “organize” and “classify” this reality. The
language that is used to depict events and people represent selections
that are made out of all the available options in the linguistic system
and these choices favour certain ways of seeing and reading. In
consequence, certain meanings are center-staged at the expense of other
meanings.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss11/4
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1102
2008-12-15T05:00:00Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Public trust, media responsibility and public journalism: US newspaper editors and educators' attitudes about media credibility
Dickson, T.
Topping, E.
2001-07-01T07:00:00Z
Journal Article
A survey of media educators and editors of daily newspapers in the United
States concluded that the two groups had similar concerns about public
trust and media responsibility, and both groups saw public journalism
as a potential means for improving media credibility. Educators, however,
were significantly more likely to state that the media are contributing to
the public’s mistrust of government, that responsibility shown by daily
newspapers is worse than it was five years earlier, and that public
journalism reduces a media organization’s objectivity. The authors present
suggestions for what the findings mean for journalism educators.
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss11/6
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1110
2008-12-15T05:52:32Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Book review: Ethics for Journalists
Richards, I.
2001-07-01T07:00:00Z
Journal Article
Keeble, Richard (2001)<br>
<strong>Ethics For Journalists,</strong><br>
Routledge, London.
<p>Reviewed by Ian Richards</p>
<p>At the height of the “cash for comment” scandal in 1999, former
Australian radio talkback host Derryn Hinch was asked on
ABC Radio about “king of talkback” John Laws’ defence that he
was an entertainer not a journalist (and so not bound by journalistic
ethical considerations). “Just because you’re an entertainer, it
doesn’t mean you rob a bank,” Hinch replied. A few minutes later,
in the same interview, Hinch was asked whether he had been made
aware of Australian commercial radio’s codes of practice at any of
the stations which had employed him over the years. “Didn’t have
them, didn’t know about it, didn’t need it,” he replied. Such
comments reflect a contradiction inherent in the thinking of many,
possibly most, journalists – the view that, on the one hand, ethics
are irrelevant while, on the other, there are ethical standards which
one must respect.</p>
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss11/14
oai:ro.uow.edu.au:apme-1107
2008-12-15T05:19:12Z
publication:journal_articles
publication:assh
publication:apme
publication:creativearts
publication:document_types
Playing serious games in journalism classes
Cameron, D.
2001-07-01T07:00:00Z
Journal Article
One of the defining features of journalism education in a
university setting is the requirement that students
demonstrate their understanding of core skills by producing
professional work. Writing skills are assessed by news reporting
tasks, research skills are tested by research exercises, interviewing
ability is demonstrated by conducting an interview, and so on.
Sometimes this skills assessment is managed in the form of
regular student publications or broadcasts. At other times it is
structured as class writing exercises. In some cases mock news
conferences or simulated news events are used. Regardless of the
form it takes, teaching effective journalism practice in a university
context necessarily involves simulating the workplace to some
degree (Ester, 2000).
https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss11/11
674364/simple-dublin-core/100//